ReviewCytokine & growth factor reviews2021
Is Toll-like receptor 4 involved in the severity of COVID-19 pathology in patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities?
Review in Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on SARS-CoV-2-associated fungal coinfections.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Modulation of immune responses by opioids through toll-like and P2X receptor signaling in COVID-19.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- Multi-epitope vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 omicron S and N proteins promotes enhanced immunity: a computational approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- Advances and challenges of targeting epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT).Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Review
- Obesity and age are transmission risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among exposed individuals.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Article
- Gene expression profiles of precursor cells identify compounds that reduce NRP1 surface expression in macrophages: Implication for drug repositioning for COVID-19.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- TLR2/4 are novel activating receptors for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on NK cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces the cytokine release syndrome by stimulating T cells to produce more IL-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Serum Pentraxin 3 as Promising Biomarker for the Long-Lasting Inflammatory Response of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disorders and COVID-19: Comorbid Pathogenesis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Targeting of TLR4 for Inflammation, Infection, and Cancer: A Perspective for Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Association of Toll-like receptor-4 polymorphism with SARS CoV-2 infection in Kurdish Population.Human gene (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Fenofibrate for COVID-19 and related complications as an approach to improve treatment outcomes: the missed key for Holy Grail.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Review
- Transmembrane protease serine 2 (Life science alliance · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infects human cardiomyocytes promoted by inflammation and oxidative stress.International journal of cardiology · 2022Article
- Natural killer cell exhaustion in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Innate immunity · 2022Review
- Low-grade inflammation, CoVID-19, and obesity: clinical aspect and molecular insights in childhood and adulthood.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The severe form of COVID-19 is marked by an abnormal and exacerbated immunological host response favoring to a poor outcome in a significant number of patients, especially those with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The chronic inflammatory process found in these cardiometabolic comorbidities is marked by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are products of the Toll-Like receptors 4 (TLR4) pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 initially infects cells in the upper respiratory tract and, in some patients, spread very quickly, needing respiratory support and systemically, causing collateral damage in tissues. We hypothesize that this happens because the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, causing an intensely exacerbated immune response in the host's lungs, culminating with the cytokine storm, accumulating secretions and hindering blood oxygenation, along with the immune system attacks the body, leading to multiple organ failure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.