ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Vulnerability Factors Associated with Lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Veterans 40 Years after War.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early risk factors and six month posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity following trauma.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Examining the challenges faced by nursing faculty and students during wartime: a qualitative analysis.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the mental health of Italian people after 2 years of the pandemic: risk and protective factors as moderators.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Changes in attachment dimensions during the treatment of acute post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually assaulted Brazilian women.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Posttraumatic stress symptom severity is associated with impaired processing of emotional faces in a large international sample.Journal of traumatic stress · 2022Article
- Alexithymia and Insecure Attachment among Male Intimate Partner Violence Aggressors in the Dominican Republic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vulnerability factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development are still controversial. Our aim was to study the vulnerability factors for the development of war-related PTSD over a period of 40 years after exposure. A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out on 61 male traumatized war veterans, taking into consideration adverse childhood experiences (ACE), attachment orientations, number of non-war-related traumatic events, and war experiences. Lifetime PTSD was assessed by using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Insecure attachment styles were significantly associated with lifetime PTSD and even after adjustment for war exposure this was still significant. Non-war-related traumatic events were not associated with lifetime PTSD, whereas ACE were associated with lifetime PTSD. War-related experiences were also associated with lifetime PTSD, except for injury or disease. The results for our sample show that, 40 years after war, the intensity of war-related experiences and ACE were significantly and independently associated with the development of lifetime PTSD. Insecure attachment was significantly associated with lifetime PTSD, which, in turn, are both positively associated with war exposure. These findings may have implications for patient care, as they constitute a strong argument that attachment-focused therapies could well be necessary 40 years after trauma.
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