ArticlePloS one2020
Patterns of acquired HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and predictors of virological failure in Moshi, Northern Tanzania.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and predictors of virological failure among the people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in East Africa: evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression of published studies from 2016 to 2023.HIV research & clinical practice · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of HIV drug resistance among patients experiencing first-line treatment failure in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Acquired HIV drug resistance mutations on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Southern Africa: Systematic review and Bayesian evidence synthesis.Journal of clinical epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Predicting HIV viral non-suppression in Uganda: development and validation of machine learning and risk stratification models using routine EMR data.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Cryo-EM Structure of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase withACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Factors associated with viral load non-suppression among treatment-experienced pre-teenage children living with HIV in Kenya: a nationwide population-based cohort study, 2015-2021.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Barriers and Enablers to Retention in HIV Care and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy: Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- High viral suppression and detection of dolutegravir-resistance associated mutations in treatment-experienced Tanzanian adults living with HIV-1 in Dar es Salaam.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Machine learning to predict virological failure among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2022.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2023Article
- Article
- Spectrum of Atazanavir-Selected Protease Inhibitor-Resistance Mutations.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Emergence of HIV drug resistance poses a serious risk of inactivity to all currently approved antiretroviral drugs. Profiles of HIV drug resistance mutations (HIVDRM) and virological failure (VF) are not extensively studied in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine HIVDRM and predictors of VF in HIV-infected individuals failing first-line HIV drugs in Moshi, Northern Tanzania. A case-control study was conducted at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Mawenzi, Pasua and Majengo health facilities with HIV-care and treatment clinics from October, 2017 to August, 2018. Cases and controls were HIV-infected individuals with VF and viral suppression (VS) respectively. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease genes were amplified and sequenced. Stanford University's HIV drug resistance database and REGA subtyping tool 3.0 determined HIVDRM and HIV-1 subtypes respectively. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) investigated predictors of VF. P-value < 5% was considered statistically significant. A total of 124 participants were recruited, of whom 63 (50.8%) had VF, 61 (49.2%) had VS and 82 (66.1%) were females. Median [IQR] age and duration on ART were 45 [35-52] years and 72 [48-104] months respectively. Twenty-five out of 26 selected samples from cases were successfully sequenced. Twenty-four samples (96%) had at least one major mutation conferring resistance to HIV drugs, with non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistance associated mutations as the majority (92%). Frequent NNRTI-resistance associated mutations were K103N (n = 11), V106M (n = 5) and G190A (n = 5). Prevalent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors-resistance associated mutations were M184V (n = 17), K70R (n = 7) and D67N (n = 6). Dual-class resistance was observed in 16 (64%) samples. Thirteen samples (52%) had at least one thymidine analogue-resistance associated mutation (TAM). Three samples (12%) had T69D mutation with at least 1 TAM. Two samples (8%) had at least one mutation associated with protease inhibitor resistance. Age [aOR = 0.94, 95% CI (0.90-0.97), p < 0.001] and occupation [aOR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.12-1.04), p = 0.059] associated with VF. In conclusion, HIV drug resistance is common among people failing antiretroviral therapy. Resistance testing will help to guide switching of HIV drugs.
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