Trial reportEuropean heart journal2020
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in relation to risk factors for COVID-19 in two large cohorts of patients with atrial fibrillation.
Trial report in European heart journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Landscape of the ACE2 Coronavirus Receptor.Circulation · 2022Pooled it
- Polymorphisms and mutations of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes are associated with COVID-19: a systematic review.European journal of medical research · 2022Pooled it
- Relationship between serum growth differentiation factor 15, fibroblast growth factor-23 and risk of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- ACC Health Policy Statement on Cardiovascular Disease Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2021Guideline
- No influence of spironolactone on plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: Findings from the HOMAGE randomized trial.Archives of cardiovascular diseases · 2021Trial
- Profiling of proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in human saliva: Influence of age and gender.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
- A combinatorial and computational Tandem approach towards a universal therapeutics against ACE2-mediated coronavirus infections.iScience · 2025Article
- Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with genetic factors affecting plasma ACE2 receptor and CRP concentrations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Plasma Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Risk of Recurrent Stroke: A Nested Case-Control Analysis.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Proteomics validate circulating GDF-15 as an independent biomarker for COVID-19 severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Phenome-wide association study and precision medicine of cardiovascular diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2023Review
- Serum growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a biomarker of cardiac manifestations in children with COVID-19.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Sex-based differences in risk of ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism after BNT162b2 or CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination in patients with atrial fibrillation: a self-controlled case series and nested case-control study.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Biomarkers for Critically Ill Patients: A Compendium for the Physician.Neurology international · 2023Review
- Low vitamin D levels predict outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospitalization.Endocrine · 2023Article
- Circulating proteins to predict COVID-19 severity.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Roles of ACE2 and Toll-like Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- In silico transcriptional analysis of asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 patients reveals the susceptibility of severe patients to other comorbidities and non-viral pathological conditions.Human gene (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by MT1-MMP-mediated shedding of ACE2.Nature communications · 2022Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsThe global COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus entering human cells using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cell surface receptor. ACE2 is shed to the circulation, and a higher plasma level of soluble ACE2 (sACE2) might reflect a higher cellular expression of ACE2. The present study explored the associations between sACE2 and clinical factors, cardiovascular biomarkers, and genetic variability. METHODS AND
resultsPlasma and DNA samples were obtained from two international cohorts of elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 3999 and n = 1088). The sACE2 protein level was measured by the Olink Proteomics® Multiplex CVD II96 × 96 panel. Levels of the biomarkers high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, D-dimer, and cystatin-C were determined by immunoassays. Genome-wide association studies were performed by Illumina chips. Higher levels of sACE2 were statistically significantly associated with male sex, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and older age. The sACE2 level was most strongly associated with the levels of GDF-15, NT-proBNP, and hs-cTnT. When adjusting for these biomarkers, only male sex remained associated with sACE2. We found no statistically significant genetic regulation of the sACE2 level.
conclusionsMale sex and clinical or biomarker indicators of biological ageing, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are associated with higher sACE2 levels. The levels of GDF-15 and NT-proBNP, which are associated both with the sACE2 level and a higher risk for mortality and cardiovascular disease, might contribute to better identification of risk for severe COVID-19 infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.