ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2020
Assessment of fluoride levels during pregnancy and its association with early adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships between Toenail, Urinary, and Drinking-water Fluoride Concentrations in a Pregnancy Cohort using Private Water Systems in the United States.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Article
- Assessing Fluoride Concentrations in Iowa's Groundwater and Drinking Water: Implications for Public Health and Water Management.Environmental science. Advances · 2026Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Maternal Urinary Fluoride Levels of a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States: Findings from the ADORE Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Correlation of fluoride intake with haemoglobin level and intelligence quotient in 8-12 year aged children: an observational study from India.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- First-trimester nutrition insights from the United Arab Emirate Birth Cohort Study (UAE-BCS): assessment of dietary intake, micronutrient profiles, and folic acid supplementation in Emirati Women.Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
- Water Fluoridation and Birth Outcomes in California.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- A Scoping Review of Iodine and Fluoride in Pregnancy in Relation to Maternal Thyroid Function and Offspring Neurodevelopment.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Association between Water Fluoride Levels and Low Birth Weight: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Maternal fluoride exposure, fertility and birth outcomes: The MIREC cohort.Environmental advances · 2022Article
- Changes in diabetic and renal profile of people exposed to fluoride in south India.Bioinformation · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimThere is sparse data available on human subjects regarding the affect of excessive fluoride exposures on pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the association between elevated urinary fluoride levels during early pregnancy and maternal anemia and adverse fetal outcome. PATIENTS AND
methodsWe enrolled 600 pregnant patients with gestational age less than 20 weeks and with a high urinary fluoride levels(>1 mg/L).We also documented the fluoride levels in the tap water and ground water samples collected from the areas where these women resided during pregnancy. These patients were also evaluated for hemoglobin levels and detailed fetal examination by ultrasound. Data was assessed by SSPS version 16.0 software and
resultsUrinary fluoride averaged 2.65 mg/L and ranged from 1.0 to 4.3 mg/L while all the water samples revealed fluoride levels greater than WHO prescribed the limit of 1.5 mg/L. A total of 402 patients (67%) were found to be anemic with hemoglobin levels ranging from 6.2 to 11.9 g/dl (9.28 ± 1.29). Eighty one patients (13.5%) had adverse fetal outcomes that comprised abortions, congenital abnormalities, and intrauterine deaths (IUDs). There was a negative correlation between urinary fluoride and hemoglobin levels (
conclusionsExcess fluoride exposures can have deleterious effects on the expecting mother and fetus and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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