ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2020
Average Models and 3-dimensional Growth Patterns of the Healthy Infant Cranium.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in infant head shape: Developmental trends during the first year of life and secular changes observed in recent years.PloS one · 2026Article
- Mandibular Gender Dimorphism: The Utility of Artificial Intelligence and Statistical Shape Modeling in Skeletal Facial Analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- Specific pelvic shape in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip on 3D morphometric homologous model analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Global patterns of the cranial form of modern human populations described by analysis of a 3D surface homologous model.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Growth Curves for Intracranial Volume and Two-dimensional Parameters for Japanese Children without Cranial Abnormality: Toward Treatment of Craniosynostosis.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2022Article
- The 3D skull 0-4 years: A validated, generative, statistical shape model.Bone reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment of cranial deformity is often performed during infancy in cases such as craniosynostosis and deformational plagiocephaly. To acquire morphologic standards for the treatment goals of these conditions, we created cranial average models and elucidated the growth patterns of the cranium of healthy infants in 3-dimension (3D) using homologous modeling.
methodsHomologous modeling is a technique that enables mathematical analysis of different 3D objects by converting the objects into homologous models that share the same number of vertices with the same spatial relationships. Craniofacial computed tomographic data of 120 healthy infants ranging in age from 1 to 17 months were collected. Based on the computed tomographic data, we created 120 homologous models. Six average 3D models (20 individuals each for 6 different age groups) were created by averaging the vertices of the models. Three-dimensional growth patterns of the cranium were clarified by comparing the 6 average models.
resultsWe successfully created 6 average models and visualized the growth patterns of the cranium. From 1-month-old to 5-month-old infants, the entire cranium except for the occipital region grows, and the cranium tended to be brachycephalic (cephalic index at 4-5 months: 87.1-97.3), but the growth was thereafter localized to specific areas.
conclusionsThree-dimensional growth patterns of the cranium of healthy infants were clarified. These findings will support the understanding and treatment of the conditions that cause cranial deformity. To our knowledge, this is the first report to visualize the growth patterns of the entire cranium of healthy infants in 3D.
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