ArticleVirus research2020
IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection.
Article in Virus research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and critical COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Potential plants for inflammatory dysfunction in the SARS-CoV-2 infection.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: the delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Pooled it
- Associations between Serum Interleukins (IL-1BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- T-Cell Subsets and Interleukin-10 Levels Are Predictors of Severity and Mortality in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Biomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Biomarkers of mortality in adults and adolescents with advanced HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Effect of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning on the Inflammatory Cytokine Cascade of COVID-19 (RIC in COVID-19): a Randomized Controlled Trial.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2024Trial
- Beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: New insights from a randomized clinical trial.Pharmacological research · 2023Trial
- Nebulized glycyrrhizin/enoxolone drug modulates IL-17A in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Nebulization Therapy with Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for COVID-19 Pneumonia.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Trial
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin for ARDS secondary to COVID-19.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Trial
- SARS-CoV-2-induced IgG repertoires shape T cell responses, microRNA regulation, and autoreactivity according to disease severity.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- A Case of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death with Presumptive SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the timeline and network interplay of immune mediators in COVID-19 patients according to disease outcome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Immunological Mechanisms Underlying Allergy Predisposition After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children.Cells · 2025Review
- Tracking inflammation status for improving patient prognosis: A review of current methods, unmet clinical needs and opportunities.Biotechnology advances · 2025Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Markers in Post Mortem Lung Biopsies from COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Kidney Biomarkers, Inflammation, Severity, and Mortality Due to COVID-19-A Two-Timepoint Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Interferon α2b Selectively Modulates Ionotropic AMPA, but not NMDA Receptors of the Glutamatergic Synapse of the Vestibular Apparatus.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInnate and adaptive immune responses have been evaluated in infected patients with COVID-19. The severity of the disease has been supposed to be associated with some profile not reported with other bacterial and viral pneumonia. We proposed a study in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 infection to evaluate the interleukin patterns and its role as prognosis factors.
methodsA prospective cohort with moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 infection from June to July 2020. Blood samples from patients were collected regularly to evaluate IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. Clinical, laboratory, radiological data, and outcomes were recorded. The outcome variable was in-hospital death, survival, mechanical ventilation, and admission at the intensive care unit. Data are presented in median and interquartile range [IQR].
resultsWe evaluated the Th1 and Th2 responses according to evolution, distinguishing possible predictive markers. The IFN-γ median of 323 pg/mL [IQR 166-570] was found in patients who died and 208 pg/mL [IQR 155-392] in the survival group (p = 0.017). IFN-γ was also higher in the early stages of the disease (394 pg/mL [IQR 229-575] against 162 pg/mL [IQR 117-259], p < 0.001). IL-4 that was increased in late-stage (182 pg/mL [IQR 162-199] against 131 pg/mL [IQR 124-152], p < 0.001) but not associated with mortality. Also, death was also related to male gender (relative risk = 1.5 [95 % confidence interval = 1.1-2.0]).
conclusionOur results suggest that the activation of the host immune response between Th1 or Th2 in COVID-19 infection may be related to the final result between discharge or death. This implies an attempt to control cytokines, such as IFN-γ, with combined therapies for clinical treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.