ReviewDevelopmental and comparative immunology2021
The immunoglobulins of cartilaginous fishes.
Review in Developmental and comparative immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physiological disruptions induced by synthetic detergents in Labeo rohita: hematological, endocrine, immunological, antioxidant, histopathological and genotoxic perspectives.Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Development and application of a VNAR-based detection nanobody for avian influenza virus H9N2.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Origin of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors: A candidate gene for invasion by the RAG transposon.Science advances · 2025Article
- The Quest for Antibodies and Other Acquired Immune Receptors: A Historical Perspective.International journal of immunogenetics · 2025Review
- Understanding IgM Structure and Biology to Engineer New Antibody Therapeutics.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2025Review
- Expression Analysis of Heavy-Chain-Only Antibodies in Cloudy Catshark and Japanese Bullhead Shark.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- VNAR: shark single-domain antibodies for the new era of medical biotechnology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing illuminates the ontogeny, conservation and diversification of cartilaginous and bony fish lymphocytes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Isotypes-Variations of Biophysical Properties among Animal Classes.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Shark nanobodies with potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity and broad sarbecovirus reactivity.Nature communications · 2023Article
- 450 million years in the making: mapping the evolutionary foundations of germinal centers.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- IgM antibodies derived from memory B cells are potent cross-variant neutralizers of SARS-CoV-2.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Article
- Research progress on unique paratope structure, antigen binding modes, and systematic mutagenesis strategies of single-domain antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Why Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induce Autoantibody Production?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule.Biology · 2021Review
- Bamboo Shark as a Small Animal Model for Single Domain Antibody Production.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes, comprising the chimeras, sharks, skates, and rays, split from the common ancestor with other jawed vertebrates approx. 450 million years ago. Being the oldest extant taxonomic group to possess an immunoglobulin (Ig)-based adaptive immune system, examination of this group has taught us much about the evolution of adaptive immunity, as well as the conserved and taxon-specific characteristics of Igs. Significant progress has been made analyzing sequences from numerous genomic and transcriptomic data sets. These findings have been supported by additional functional studies characterizing the Igs and humoral response of sharks and their relatives. This review will summarize what we have learned about the genomic organization, protein structure, and in vivo function of these Ig isotypes in cartilaginous fishes and highlight the areas where our knowledge is still lacking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.