ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2020
The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Airborne Movement of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Between Livestock Stables and Farmers' Homes.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Potential pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in household environments: a study of soil floors and cow dung in rural Bangladesh.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Domestic laundering of healthcare textiles: Disinfection efficacy and risks of antibiotic resistance transmission.PloS one · 2025Article
- Does Antibiotic Use Contribute to Biofilm Resistance in Sink Drains? A Case Study from Four German Hospital Wards.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Assessing Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in University Dormitory Washing Machines.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Biological and Synthetic Surfactants Increase Class I Integron Prevalence in Ex Situ Biofilms.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Bacterial Contamination in the Different Parts of Household Washing Machine: New Insights from Chengdu, Western China.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- Virucidal Efficacy of Laundering.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Bloom of tetracycline resistance genes in mudflats following fertilization is attributed to the increases in the shared potential hosts between soil and organic fertilizers.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Distinct Resistomes and Microbial Communities of Soils, Wastewater Treatment Plants and Households Suggest Development of Antibiotic Resistances Due to Distinct Environmental Conditions in Each Environment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Transmission Chains of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae at the Companion Animal Veterinary Clinic-Household Interface.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Households provide a habitat for bacteria originating from humans, animals, foods, contaminated clothes, or other sources. Thus, bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be introduced via household members, animals, or the water supply from external habitats into private households and vice versa. Since data on antibiotic resistance (ABR) in the domestic environment are limited, this study aimed to determine the abundance of β-lactamase, mobile colistin resistance, and class 1 integron genes and the correlation of their presence and to characterize phenotypically resistant strains in 54 private households in Germany. Additionally, the persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria during automated dishwashing compared to that during laundering was assessed. Shower drains, washing machines, and dishwashers were sampled and analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Resistant strains were isolated, followed by identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing using a Vitek 2 system. The results showed a significantly higher relative ARG abundance of 0.2367 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies in shower drains than in dishwashers (0.1329 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies) and washing machines (0.0006 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies).
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Registered trials
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