SynthesisBMC musculoskeletal disorders2020
Implant contamination as a cause of surgical site infection in spinal surgery: are single-use implants a reasonable solution? - a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multipack Versus Single-Sterile Implant Supply in Spine Surgery: A Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Suspected contaminant source and early deep wound infections in posterior instrumented fusion involving the lumbosacral region: a multicenter analysis.Spine deformity · 2026Article
- The reuse of orthopaedic devices in trauma care.OTA international : the open access journal of orthopaedic trauma · 2025Review
- The cost of implant waste in trauma orthopaedic surgery and sustainability considerations: an observational study.International orthopaedics · 2025Observational
- High incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms and modifiable risk factors associated with surgical site infections: a cohort study in a tertiary medical center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 2020 to 2023.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Analysis of risk factors for surgical site infection in spinal surgery patients and study of direct economic losses.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Algorithms Versus Standard Linear Demographic Analysis in Predicting Implant Size of Anatomic and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2024Article
- Use of Biomaterials in 3D Printing as a Solution to Microbial Infections in Arthroplasty and Osseous Reconstruction.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Nanostructured Coatings Based on Graphene Oxide for the Management of Periprosthetic Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- The benefit of antibiotic-combined Mg-hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute over autologous bone for surgical site infection prevention in posterolateral spinal fusion: a retrospective cohort study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Prevention of surgical site infection: a ten-step approach.Arthroplasty (London, England) · 2023Review
- Can Steam Sterilization Affect the Accuracy of Point-of-Care 3D Printed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Customized Cranial Implants? An Investigative Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Optimisation of perioperative procedural factors to reduce the risk of surgical site infection in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review.Discover health systems · 2023Review
- Guidelines for improvement of the procedural aspects of devices and surgical instruments in the operating theatre.Frontiers in surgery · 2023Article
- Instrument tables equipped with local unidirectional airflow units reduce bacterial contamination during orthopedic implant surgery in an operating room with a displacement ventilation system.Infection prevention in practice · 2022Article
- Postoperative Spinal Implant Infections (PSII)-A Systematic Review: What Do We Know So Far and What is Critical About It?Global spine journal · 2022Article
- Article
- Long-term antibacterial properties of a nanostructured titanium alloy surface: AnMaterials today. Bio · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn spine surgery, surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the main perioperative complications and is associated with a higher patient morbidity and longer patient hospitalization. Most factors associated with SSI are connected with asepsis during the surgical procedure and thus with contamination of implants and instruments used which can be caused by pre- and intraoperative factors. In this systematic review we evaluate the current literature on these causes and discuss possible solutions to avoid implant and instrument contamination.
methodsA systematic literature search of PubMed addressing implant, instrument and tray contamination in orthopaedic and spinal surgery from 2001 to 2019 was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. All studies regarding implant and instrument contamination in orthopaedic surgery published in English language were included.
resultsThirty-five studies were eligible for inclusion and were divided into pre- and intraoperative causes for implant and instrument contamination. Multiple studies showed that reprocessing of medical devices for surgery may be insufficient and lead to surgical site contamination. Regarding intraoperative causes, contamination of gloves and gowns as well as contamination via air are the most striking factors contributing to microbial contamination.
conclusionsOur systematic literature review shows that multiple factors can lead to instrument or implant contamination. Intraoperative causes of contamination can be avoided by implementing behavior such as changing gloves right before handling an implant and reducing the instruments' intraoperative exposure to air. In avoidance of preoperative contamination, there still is a lack of convincing evidence for the use of single-use implants in orthopaedic surgery.
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