ReviewAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2020
Grimace Scores: Tools to Support the Identification of Pain in Mammals Used in Research.
Review in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- "Do not look at me like that": Is the facial expression score reliable and accurate to evaluate pain in large domestic animals? A systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ambroxol in the Treatment of Endometriosis: An Experimental Study in Wistar Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The impact of bacterial and viral diseases on dromedary camel (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- When touch is stressful: acute endocrine and behavioral responses of domestic rabbits to unfamiliar human handling.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Comparing training methods to promote better animal welfare outcomes for animals in the research and teaching industry.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2026Article
- Application of the horse grimace scale in horses with dental disease: Preliminary findings.The Veterinary record · 2025Article
- Clinical interpretation of body language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain in domestic mammals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- A behavioral study of live captured coypu (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Relationship between Ear Temperature, Behaviour and Stress Hormones in Guinea Pigs (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Fully automated deep learning models with smartphone applicability for prediction of pain using the Feline Grimace Scale.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review of Rat (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Review
- Article
- Pet Owner Perception of Ferret Boredom and Consequences for Housing, Husbandry, and Environmental Enrichment.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Investigating subtle changes in facial expression to assess acute pain in Japanese macaques.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A model-specific simplification of the Mouse Grimace Scale based on the pain response of intraperitoneal CClScientific reports · 2022Article
- Pain and Pain Management in Sea Turtle and Herpetological Medicine: State of the Art.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- The Neuroimmune Interface and Chronic Pain Through the Lens of Production Animals.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Performance of four equine pain scales and their association to movement asymmetry in horses with induced orthopedic pain.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, is a framework to ensure the ethical and justified use of animals in research. The implementation of refinements is required to alleviate and minimise the pain and suffering of animals in research. Public acceptability of animal use in research is contingent on satisfying ethical and legal obligations to provide pain relief along with humane endpoints. To fulfil this obligation, staff, researchers, veterinarians, and technicians must rapidly, accurately, efficiently and consistently identify, assess and act on signs of pain. This ability is paramount to uphold animal welfare, prevent undue suffering and mitigate possible negative impacts on research. Identification of pain may be based on indicators such as physiological, behavioural, or physical ones. Each has been used to develop different pain scoring systems with potential benefits and limitations in identifying and assessing pain. Grimace scores are a promising adjunctive behavioural technique in some mammalian species to identify and assess pain in research animals. The use of this method can be beneficial to animal welfare and research outcomes by identifying animals that may require alleviation of pain or humane intervention. This paper highlights the benefits, caveats, and potential applications of grimace scales.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.