ArticlePloS one2020
Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 143 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Global Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of vitamin D supplementation on mortality and intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Pooled it
- The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2021Pooled it
- Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2021Pooled it
- Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Low Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) Level Is Associated With Susceptibility to COVID-19, Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public healthPooled it
- Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Treatment With 25-Hydroxyvitamin DEndocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Vitamins impacting mental/physical well-being during viral pandemics: a mechanistic review based on COVID-19: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Role of vitamin D in COVID-19 and other viral infections.World journal of virology · 2024Review
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2024-06-06Concerns/Issues about Data · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Error in Methods · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Investigation by Third Party · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions · Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s) ·
- Expression of concern · 2020-10-14Concerns/Issues about Data · Concerns/Issues about Image · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions · Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement · Updated to Retraction ·
- Expression of concern
- Retracted
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and its effect on adverse clinical outcomes, and parameters of immune function and mortality due to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. STUDY
designThe hospital data of 235 patients infected with COVID-19 were analyzed.
resultsBased on CDC criteria, among our study patients, 74% had severe COVID-19 infection and 32.8% were vitamin D sufficient. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was a significant association between vitamin D sufficiency and reduction in clinical severity, inpatient mortality serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and an increase in lymphocyte percentage. Only 9.7% of patients older than 40 years who were vitamin D sufficient succumbed to the infection compared to 20% who had a circulating level of 25(OH)D< 30 ng/ml. The significant reduction in serum CRP, an inflammatory marker, along with increased lymphocytes percentage suggest that vitamin D sufficiency also may help modulate the immune response possibly by reducing risk for cytokine storm in response to this viral infection.
conclusionTherefore, it is recommended that improving vitamin D status in the general population and in particular hospitalized patients has a potential benefit in reducing the severity of morbidities and mortality associated with acquiring COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.