ArticleClinical oral investigations2021
Comparative evaluation of microbial profiles of oral samples obtained at different collection time points and using different methods.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic analyses uncover robust salivary microbial signatures and host-microbiome perturbations in oral squamous cell carcinoma.mSystems · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison of oral collection methods for 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Diet-Oral Microbiota Interactions and Salivary Biomarkers of Nutritional Health: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Serum antibody titers againstFrontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Characteristics of salivary IgA responses to oral microbiota in patients with oral lichen planus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exploratory study of the oral microbiota in pregnant women with hypothyroidism and their infants.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Ex vivo oral biofilm model for rapid screening of antimicrobial agents including natural cranberry polyphenols.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Salivary microbiota and IgA responses are different in pre-diabetic individuals compared to normoglycemic controls.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Gastrectomy-induced alterations in gut microbiota linked to changes in oral and gastric microbiota.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Sampling strategies for digestive system flora studies: current research and perspectives.PeerJ · 2025Review
- Host sweet preference modulates the salivary microbiome and its divergent associations with plaque-associated and non-plaque-related oral diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Is Short-Read 16S rRNA Sequencing of Oral Microbiome Sampling a Suitable Diagnostic Tool for Head and Neck Cancer?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Periodontal pathogens and obesity in the context of cardiovascular risks across age groups.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Article
- Changes in salivary microbiota due to gastric cancer resection and its relation to gastric fluid microbiota.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Salivary Microbiota Associated with Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2023Article
- Factors influencing oral microbiome analysis: from saliva sampling methods to next-generation sequencing platforms.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Saliva sampling methods. Cariogenic streptococci count using two different methods of saliva collection in children.Acta odontologica latinoamericana : AOL · 2022Article
- Characterization of Salivary Microbiota in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Case-Control Study.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2022Article
- Guideline for the analysis of the microbial communities of the human upper airways.Journal of oral microbiology · 2022Article
- Characterization of salivary microbiota in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a matched case-control study.Clinical oral investigations · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesRecently, the oral microbiome has been found to be associated with oral and general health status. Although various oral sample collection protocols are available, the potential differences between the results yielded by these protocols remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of different time points and methods of oral sample collection on the outcomes of microbiome analysis. MATERIALS AND
methodsOral samples were collected from eight healthy individuals at four different time points: 2 h after eating, immediately after teeth brushing, immediately after waking up, and 2 h after eating on the subsequent day. Four methods of saliva collection were evaluated: spitting, gum chewing, cotton swab, and oral rinse. Oral microbiomes of these samples were compared by analyzing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence data.
resultsThe oral microbial composition at the genus level was similar among all sample collection time points and methods. Alpha diversity was not significantly different among the groups, whereas beta diversity was different between the spitting and cotton swab methods. Compared with the between-subject variations, the weighted UniFrac distances between the groups were not minor.
conclusionsAlthough the oral microbiome profiles obtained at different collection time points and using different methods were similar, some differences were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of the present study suggest that although all the described protocols are useful, comparisons among microbiomes of samples collected by different methods are not appropriate. Researchers must be aware of the issues regarding the impact of saliva collection methods.
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