ArticlePsychological medicine2022
Association between genetic and socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing in a UK longitudinal cohort.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Defining Urbanicity in the Context of Psychosis Research: A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants and relationships of climate change, climate change hazards, mental health, and well-being: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The reporting and handling of missing data in genetic epidemiological studies of mental health in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Nauclea officinalis extract rescues working memory deficits in adolescent maternal immune activation offspring by restoring cholinergic signaling.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Combining the Risk: The Poly-Environmental Risk Score and Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescents.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Association Between Urban Upbringing and Cortical Gyrification in Persons with Schizophrenia.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Association of Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia with Psychosis-Proneness Indicators in the General Population: A Narrative Review.Consortium psychiatricum · 2025Review
- Psychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Association between urban upbringing and functional brain connectivity in schizophrenia.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Urbanicity and psychotic disorders: Facts and hypotheses.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2023Review
- Social Deprivation and Population Density Trajectories Before and After Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Article
- The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Genetics.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2023Review
- Hippocampal Connectivity with the Default Mode Network is Linked to Hippocampal Volume in the Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Syndrome and Healthy Individuals.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Article
- Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: II. Assessments.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Socioenvironmental Adversity and Adolescent Psychotic Experiences: Exploring Potential Mechanisms in a UK Longitudinal Cohort.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Cumulative Environmental Risk in Early Life: Associations With Schizotypy in Childhood.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Violent experiences and neighbourhoods during adolescence: understanding and mitigating the association with mental health at the transition to adulthood in a longitudinal cohort study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundAssociations of socioenvironmental features like urbanicity and neighborhood deprivation with psychosis are well-established. An enduring question, however, is whether these associations are causal. Genetic confounding could occur due to downward mobility of individuals at high genetic risk for psychiatric problems into disadvantaged environments.
methodsWe examined correlations of five indices of genetic risk [polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and depression, maternal psychotic symptoms, family psychiatric history, and zygosity-based latent genetic risk] with multiple area-, neighborhood-, and family-level risks during upbringing. Data were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of 2232 British twins born in 1994-1995 and followed to age 18 (93% retention). Socioenvironmental risks included urbanicity, air pollution, neighborhood deprivation, neighborhood crime, neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, residential mobility, family poverty, and a cumulative environmental risk scale. At age 18, participants were privately interviewed about psychotic experiences.
resultsHigher genetic risk on all indices was associated with riskier environments during upbringing. For example, participants with higher schizophrenia PRS (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06-1.33), depression PRS (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08-1.34), family history (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11-1.40), and latent genetic risk (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.07-1.38) had accumulated more socioenvironmental risks for schizophrenia by age 18. However, associations between socioenvironmental risks and psychotic experiences mostly remained significant after covariate adjustment for genetic risk.
conclusionGenetic risk is correlated with socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing, but the associations between socioenvironmental risk and adolescent psychotic experiences appear, at present, to exist above and beyond this gene-environment correlation.
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