ArticleExperimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)2021
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis versus cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19 patients.
Article in Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Assessment of the HScore as a predictor of disease outcome in patients with COVID-19.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2021Trial
- Severe COVID-19 Unveils Atypical Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis due to a Novel HomozygousCase reports in immunology · 2026Article
- Hematologic and Immunologic Overlap Between COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Viral Sepsis.Viruses · 2024Review
- Exploring the Correlation Between Splenomegaly and Lung Involvement in COVID-19: A Retrospective Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Pneumonia and Cytokine Storm Syndrome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Severe Cytokine Release Syndrome and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-Like Syndrome Following Administration of Combined Brentuximab Vedotin and Nivolumab for Recurrent Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case Report.Journal of blood medicine · 2024Article
- Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.World journal of oncology · 2022Review
- Enigma of COVID-19: is "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults" (MIS-A) predictable?BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Donor-derived Ehrlichiosis: 2 Clusters Following Solid Organ Transplantation.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Calm before the Storm.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Article
- Is COVID-19-associated cytokine storm distinct from non-COVID-19 secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis?Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Neonate with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The American journal of case reports · 2022Article
- Cytokine Storms in the Course of COVID-19 and Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Pregnant and Postpartum Women.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Article
- Haemophagocytic syndrome and COVID-19.Clinical rheumatology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
impact statementSevere COVID-19 associated pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome has recently been described with life-threatening features of cytokine storm and loosely referred to as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Although a recent report indicated favorable responses to the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra in eight patients with COVID-19 secondary HLH diagnosed using the HScore calculation, others have suggested that the diagnosis of secondary HLH is uncommon and that the use of the HScore has limited value in guiding immunomodulatory therapy for COVID-19. Here, we provide additional perspective on this important controversy based upon comparisons between 14 COVID-19 cytokine storm patients and 10 secondary HLH patients seen immediately prior to the pandemic. We hypothesize that identification of HLH may relate to the severity or timing of cytokine release and suggest distinguishing between cytokine release syndrome and secondary HLH, reserving the latter term for cases fulfilling diagnostic criteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.