ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2021
High Mobility Group Protein 1 and Dickkopf-Related Protein 1 in Schizophrenia and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Associations With Interleukin-6, Symptom Domains, and Neurocognitive Impairments.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Serum Levels of Wnt/β-catenin Pathway Regulators Dkk-1, PORCN, Notum, and Tiki-1 in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Serum High Mobility Group Box Protein-1 Levels in Schizophrenia During Acute Psychotic Episodes and Remission.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2026Article
- Protein Lactylation in Central Nervous System Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Alterations in serum IL-10 and IL-19 levels in drug-naïve first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia and their associations with clinical symptoms.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein as a Biomarker in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Molecular Underpinning of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Putative Different Neurobiology from Treatment-Responsive Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association between endogenous lactate accumulation and dysregulated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) on IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10 and Soluble IL-2 Receptor in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) Patients-A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Lactylation and Central Nervous System Diseases.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Lights and shadows of clozapine on the immune system in schizophrenia: a narrative literature review.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Th17-related cytokines and chemokines are associated with immune dysregulation and severity in schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Biomarkers of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review.Neuroscience applied · 2024Article
- Spotlight on pro-inflammatory chemokines: regulators of cellular communication in cognitive impairment.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Serum HMGB1 and Beclin 1 Levels in Patients with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- High Mobility Group Box 1 Levels as an Inflammatory Mediator in Bipolar Mania.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2024Article
- Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Advanced Biomarkers of Hepatotoxicity in Psychiatry: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for New Psychoactive Substances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Regulation of synaptic connectivity in schizophrenia spectrum by mutual neuron-microglia interaction.Communications biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) are associated with aberrations in immune-inflammatory pathways. Increased high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), an inflammatory mediator, and Dickkopf-related protein (DKK1), a Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonist, affect the blood-brain barrier and induce neurotoxic effects and neurocognitive deficits.
aimThe present study aims to examine HMGB1 and DDK1 in nonresponders to treatments (NRTT) with antipsychotics (n = 60), partial RTT (PRTT, n = 55), and healthy controls (n = 43) in relation to established markers of SCZ, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and CCL11 (eotaxin), and to delineate whether these proteins are associated with the SCZ symptom subdomains and neurocognitive impairments.
resultsHMGB1, DKK1, IL-6, and CCL11 were significantly higher in SCZ patients than in controls. DKK1 and IL-6 were significantly higher in NRTT than in PRTT and controls, while IL-10 was higher in NRTT than in controls. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that SCZ was best predicted by increased DDK1 and HMGB1, while NRTT (vs PRTT) was best predicted by increased IL-6 and CCL11 levels. A large part of the variance in psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, and negative (PHEMN) symptoms and formal thought disorders was explained by HMGB1, IL-6, and CCL11, while most neurocognitive functions were predicted by HMGB1, DDK1, and CCL11.
conclusionsThe neurotoxic effects of HMGB1, DKK1, IL-6, and CCL11 including the effects on the blood-brain barrier and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may cause impairments in executive functions and working, episodic, and semantic memory and explain, in part, PHEMN symptoms and a nonresponse to treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.