ReviewPhysiological reviews2021
BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PAVLOVIAN AND INSTRUMENTAL EXTINCTION LEARNING.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 195 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 385 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurofunctional representations of instrumental learning in psychosis: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Fears Worth Testing Out: A Systematic Review of the Neural Mechanisms of Treatment Outcome for Anxiety-Related Disorders.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Pooled it
- Extinction in multiple contexts reduces the return of extinguished responses: A multilevel meta-analysis.Learning & behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine concentrations in hair of female patients with posttraumatic stress disorder - associations with clinical symptoms and outcomes following multimodal trauma-focused inpatient treatment.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Re-encountering the phobic cue within days after a reconsolidation intervention is crucial to observe a lasting fear reduction in spider phobia.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Effects of intranasal oxytocin on fear extinction learning.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Prospective stability of memory for peritraumatic dissociation and anxiety: Replication and extension examining PTSD treatment modality and response.Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of AI-based image quality control for perinatal ultrasound screening.BMC medical education · 2024Trial
- Reversal of Conditioned Food Aversion Using a Cognitive Intervention: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Study.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Conditioning by a Previous Experience Impairs the Rewarding Value of a Comfort Meal.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Multiple-context extinction strengthens fear suppression through hippocampal dopamine D2R-dependent memory updating.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Daily rhythms in fear extinction memory reflect structural and functional changes in a prefrontal-amygdala circuit.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Overlapping representations in the ventral hippocampus support rapid fear memory retrieval.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Acquisition-Recruited and MOR-Expressing Striatal dMSNs Differentially Regulate Extinction and Cue-Induced Relapse of Alcohol Seeking.Addiction biology · 2026Article
- Operant conditioning through positive reinforcement in the ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata).Learning & behavior · 2026Article
- Additivity of resurgence and spontaneous recovery.Learning & behavior · 2026Article
- Adolescent obesity induces sex-specific alterations of action control.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Low Reward and Heightened Threat Neural Activity are Both Associated with Heightened Anhedonia: A Transdiagnostic Perspective.Research square · 2026Article
- Microglia-dependent regulation of fear memory extinction.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Dual-engram architecture within a single striatal cell type distinctly controls alcohol relapse and extinction.Neuron · 2026Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning decreases in strength when the outcome that reinforced it is removed. Behavioral research indicates that neither Pavlovian nor operant extinction depends substantially on erasure of the original learning but instead depends on new inhibitory learning that is primarily expressed in the context in which it is learned, as exemplified by the renewal effect. Although the nature of the inhibition may differ in Pavlovian and operant extinction, in either case the decline in responding may depend on both generalization decrement and the correction of prediction error. At the neural level, Pavlovian extinction requires a tripartite neural circuit involving the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala is essential for extinction learning, and prefrontal cortical inhibition of amygdala neurons encoding fear memories is involved in extinction retrieval. Hippocampal-prefrontal circuits mediate fear relapse phenomena, including renewal. Instrumental extinction involves distinct ensembles in corticostriatal, striatopallidal, and striatohypothalamic circuits as well as their thalamic returns for inhibitory (extinction) and excitatory (renewal and other relapse phenomena) control over operant responding. The field has made significant progress in recent decades, although a fully integrated biobehavioral understanding still awaits.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.