ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2020
Interactions Between Genome-Wide Genetic Factors and Smoking Influencing Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Lupus nephritis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Integrated analysis of polygenic and environmental risk scores for late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Systemic lupus erythematosus: updated insights on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Environment, Lifestyles, and Climate Change: The Many Nongenetic Contributors to The Long and Winding Road to Autoimmune Diseases.Arthritis care & research · 2025Review
- Obesity and tobacco smoking are independently associated with poor patient-reported outcomes in SLE: a cross-sectional study.Rheumatology international · 2024Article
- Environment and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an overview and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Phenotype Risk Score but Not Genetic Risk Score Aids in Identifying Individuals With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Electronic Health Record.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Interactions Between Genetic Risk and Diet Influencing Risk of Incident Female Gout: Discovery and Replication Analysis of Four Prospective Cohorts.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Risk prediction models for incident systemic lupus erythematosus among women in the Nurses' health study cohorts using genetics, family history, and lifestyle and environmental factors.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2023Article
- Differential impact of environmental factors on systemic and localized autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The role of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematous.Journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
- Impact of adiposity on risk of female gout among those genetically predisposed: sex-specific prospective cohort study findings over >32 years.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2022Article
- Understanding the Concept of Pre-Clinical Autoimmunity: Prediction and Prevention of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Identifying Risk Factors and Developing Strategies Against Disease Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Interaction between theAnnals of the rheumatic diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo identify interactions between genetic factors and current or recent smoking in relation to risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
methodsFor the study, 673 patients with SLE (diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology 1997 updated classification criteria) were matched by age, sex, and race (first 3 genetic principal components) to 3,272 control subjects without a history of connective tissue disease. Smoking status was classified as current smoking/having recently quit smoking within 4 years before diagnosis (or matched index date for controls) versus distant past/never smoking. In total, 86 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 10 classic HLA alleles previously associated with SLE were included in a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS), with scores dichotomized as either low or high based on the median value in control subjects (low wGRS being defined as less than or equal to the control median; high wGRS being defined as greater than the control median). Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate both the risk of SLE and risk of anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody-positive (dsDNA+) SLE. Additive interactions were assessed using the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction, and multiplicative interactions were assessed using a chi-square test (with 1 degree of freedom) for the wGRS and for individual risk alleles. Separate repeated analyses were carried out among subjects of European ancestry only.
resultsThe mean ± SD age of the SLE patients at the time of diagnosis was 36.4 ± 15.3 years. Among the 673 SLE patients included, 92.3% were female and 59.3% were dsDNA+. Ethnic distributions were as follows: 75.6% of European ancestry, 4.5% of Asian ancestry, 11.7% of African ancestry, and 8.2% classified as other ancestry. A high wGRS (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, P = 1.0 × 10
conclusionThe strong additive interaction between an updated SLE genetic risk score and current/recent smoking suggests that smoking may influence specific genes in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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