ArticleBMC cancer2020
The role of CD28 in the prognosis of young lung adenocarcinoma patients.
Article in BMC cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 genes as immune regulators in patients with colorectal polyps.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Moving beyond cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy: embracing tumor microenvironment remodeling for durable control.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
- CD28 and ICOS in immune regulation: Structural insights and therapeutic targeting.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2025Review
- Article
- Tumor Microenvironment Drives the Cross-Talk Between Co-Stimulatory and Inhibitory Molecules in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes: Implications for Optimizing Immunotherapy Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- A 13-gene signature to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy responses of lung squamous cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Anti-Angiogenic Drugs in Combination With PD-1 Antibody.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Telomere Shortening and Its Association with Cell Dysfunction in Lung Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe prognosis of lung cancer was found to be associated with a series of biomarkers related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which can modulate the biological behaviors and consequent outcomes of lung cancer. Therefore, establishing a prognostic model based on the TIME for lung cancer patients, especially young patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), is urgently needed.
methodsIn all, 809 lung cancer patients from the TCGA database and 71 young patients with LUAD in our center were involved in this study. Univariate and multivariate analysis based on clinical characteristics and TIME-related expression patterns (as evaluated by IHC) were performed to estimate prognosis and were verified by prognostic nomograms.
resultsBoth LUAD and lung cancer patients with high CD28 expression had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.0011; P = 0.0001) but longer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0282). TIME-related molecules combined with clinical information and genomic signatures could predict the prognosis of young patients with LUAD with robust efficiency and could be verified by the established nomogram based on the Cox regression model. In addition, CD28 expression was correlated with an abundance of lymphocytes and could modulate the TIME. Higher CD28 levels were observed in primary tumors than in metastatic tissues.
conclusionTIME-related molecules were identified as compelling biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of lung cancer, especially in a cohort of young patients. Furthermore, CD28, which is associated with poor DFS but long OS, might participate in the modulation of the TIME and has a different role in the prognosis of young patients with LUAD.
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