ReviewVaccines2020
The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology.
Review in Vaccines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- West Nile virus detected in louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) collected from rehabilitated raptors in South Carolina.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Management and Immunotherapy for Fungal Allergy: Clinical Practice and Unmet Needs.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- First Detection of Usutu Virus in Harbor Seals (Viruses · 2026Article
- Assessing HPAI-H5 transmission risk across wild bird migratory flyways in the United States.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From reservoirs to ecological integrators: the role of EuropeanFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- West Nile virus transmission in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): A One-Health surveillance approach.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), Avian Polyomavirus (APV-1), Psittacid Herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), and Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) in Birds Kept as Non-Traditional Companion Animals (NTCAs) in Italy.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Zoonotic Orthoflaviviruses Related to Birds: A Literature Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Virological Passive Surveillance of Avian Influenza and Arboviruses in Wild Birds: A Two-Year Study (2023-2024) in Lombardy, Italy.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- (Re)Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Significance in the Brazilian Amazon.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Integrated One Health Surveillance of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in the Veneto Region, Northeastern Italy, from 2022 to 2023.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- The making of a dangerous vector: factors shaping the vector competence ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Orthoflavivirus nilense surveillance in the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Spatiotemporally Explicit Epidemic Model for West Nile Virus Outbreak in Germany: An Inversely Calibrated Approach.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- The effect of temperature on the boundary conditions of West Nile virus circulation in Europe.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.