ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Oxidative Stress, Proton Fluxes, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Treatment for COVID-19.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mitigating Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Oxidative Liver Damage: The Roles of Adenosine Triphosphate, Liv-52, and Their Combination in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate against hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of Tramadol-Induced Ovarian Damage and Reproductive Dysfunction with Adenosine Triphosphate and the Protective Role of Exogenous ATP Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine's diverse targets: a new frontier in precision medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Oxidative stress in ARDS: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Chloroquine on Red Blood Cells Metabolism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Potential of traditional medicines in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- The effects of hydroxychloroquine-induced oxidative stress on fracture healing in an experimental rat model.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2024Article
- Vinpocetine protects against chloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity by mitigating oxidative stress.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- G6PD deficiency-does it alter the course of COVID-19 infections?Annals of hematology · 2023Review
- Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Review
- Hydroxychloroquine induces oxidative stress and impairs fracture healing in rats.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2023Article
- Site-Directed Spin Labeling EPR Spectroscopy for Determination of Albumin Structural Damage and Hypoalbuminemia in Critical COVID-19.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- ROS and COVID.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Molnupiravir, favipiravir and other antiviral drugs with proposed potentials for management of COVID-19: a concern on antioxidant aspect.International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology · 2022Article
- Chloroquine Induces ROS-mediated Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Secretion and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in ER-positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2021Article
- Article
- Water-Soluble Melanoidin Pigment as a New Antioxidant Component of Fermented Willowherb Leaves (Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial health: implications of lifestyle and ageing.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. These drugs have been studied for many decades, primarily in the context of their use as antimalarials, where they induce oxidative stress-killing of the malarial parasite. Less appreciated, however, is evidence showing that CQ/HCQ causes systemic oxidative stress. In vitro and observational data suggest that CQ/HCQ can be repurposed as potential antiviral medications. This review focuses on the potential health concerns of CQ/HCQ induced by oxidative stress, particularly in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 disease. The pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been well-documented. Additional oxidative stress caused by CQ/HCQ during ARDS could be problematic. In vitro data showing that CQ forms a complex with free-heme that promotes lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers are also relevant to COVID-19. Free-heme induced oxidative stress is implicated as a systemic activator of coagulation, which is increasingly recognized as a contributor to COVID-19 morbidity. This review will also provide a brief overview of CQ/HCQ pharmacology with an emphasis on how these drugs alter proton fluxes in subcellular organelles. CQ/HCQ-induced alterations in proton fluxes influence the type and chemical reactivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.