ReviewNature2020
Animal models for COVID-19.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Nature, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 592 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
592citing papers in PubMed
18.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
592 citing papers in PubMed, 869 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiviral and immunomodulatory effect of zapnometinib in animal models and hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Airway organoids reveal patterns of influenza A tropism and adaptation in wildlife species.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The Role of Human Viral Entry Receptor Mouse Models in Advancing Antiviral Antibodies and Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immune Mechanisms and Translational Study Design in Viral Vaccine Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Translational insights into Long-COVID: evaluation of preclinical animal models along the lung-brain-immune axis with focus on Golden Syrian Hamsters.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Data aggregation and mechanistic modeling enable dose-response analysis of SARS-CoV-1 in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Exacerbated Hepatic Stress and Systemic Metabolic Disruption Driven by SARS-CoV-2 P.1 Variant in K18-hACE2 Mice.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Pathogen-specific immune responses might underlie divergent outcomes of coronavirus and influenza infection in the natural porcine host.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Endolysosomal trafficking regulator SH-BC-893 inhibits coronavirus entry in vitro and in vivo.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 virus infection ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Humoral Immune Correlates Analysis of Four Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Intranasal immunization with live-attenuated RSV-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicits antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity and protects against viral challenge and natural infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Exposure route drives SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Antibody-antigen neutralization prediction by integrating structural information distillation and physicochemical constraints.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Revisiting Ravn virus as the lesser known orthomarburgvirus.Npj viruses · 2026Review
- How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid-19.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- Article
532 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
64 authors at 20 institutions in 12 countries.
César Muñoz-FontelaBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
William E DowlingCentre for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, DC, USA.
Simon G P FunnellNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-2751
Pierre-S GsellWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
A Ximena Riveros-BaltaWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Randy A AlbrechtDepartment of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4008-503X
Hanne AndersenBioqual Inc, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-9608
Ralph S BaricDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-8701
Miles W CarrollNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.
Marco CavaleriEuropean Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Chuan QinInstitute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-1232
Ian CrozierClinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
Kai DallmeierKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
Leon de WaalViroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.
Emmie de WitLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-7758
Leen DelangKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-675X
Erik DohmAnimal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
W Paul DuprexDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-6376
Darryl FalzaranoVIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Courtney L FinchIntegrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
Matthew B FriemanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-0775
Barney S GrahamVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Lisa E GralinskiDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Kate GuilfoyleViroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.
Bart L HaagmansDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-2015
Geraldine A HamiltonEmulate Inc, Boston, MA, USA.
Amy L HartmanDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-2973
Sander HerfstDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9866-8903
Suzanne J F KapteinKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-0219
William B KlimstraDepartment of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Ivana KnezevicWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Philip R KrauseCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-7536
Jens H KuhnIntegrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-6045
Roger Le GrandCenter for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4928-4484
Mark G LewisBioqual Inc, Rockville, MD, USA.
Wen-Chun LiuDepartment of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Pauline MaisonnasseCenter for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-207X
Anita K McElroyDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Vincent MunsterLaboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-3196
Nadia OreshkovaWageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
Angela L RasmussenCenter for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman |School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
Joana Rocha-PereiraKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
Barry RockxDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-027X
Estefanía RodríguezBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
Thomas F RogersDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Francisco J SalgueroNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK.
Michael SchotsaertDepartment of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3156-3132
Koert J StittelaarViroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.
Hendrik Jan ThibautKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-8276
Chien-Te TsengDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
Júlia Vergara-AlertCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
Martin BeerInstitute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-5254
Trevor BraselDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
Jasper F W ChanCarol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Adolfo García-SastreDepartment of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-1827
Johan NeytsKU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
Stanley PerlmanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4213-2354
Douglas S ReedDepartment of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Juergen A RichtCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
Chad J RoyTulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-6974
Joaquim SegalésCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-7261
Seshadri S VasanAustralian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7326-3210
Ana María Henao-RestrepoWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. henaorestrepoa@who.int.
Dan H BarouchCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-4659
Rega Institute for Medical Research · BENational Institutes of Health · USUniversity of Pittsburgh · USIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USWorld Health Organization · CHErasmus MC · NLPublic Health England · GBViroclinics Biosciences (Netherlands) · NLBioqual · USGerman Center for Infection Research · DEInserm · FRThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston · USUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona · ESUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · USCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research · USChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College · CNCoalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations · USCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation · AUEmulate (United States) · US
Funding
Tulane NPRC SPF Sheltered Outdoor Enclosure ExpansionP51OD011104 · OD · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI L Lee HAMM · 2012 to 2026
$142.4MSARS-CoV Proteins in Heterologous Viral InfectionP01AI060699 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI PERLMAN, STANLEY · 2004 to 2021
$21.5MHuman antibody-based countermeasures against the Wuhan Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2R01AI157155 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BARIC, RALPH S, CROWE, JAMES E · 2020 to 2024
$6.0MRole of eicosanoids in pathogenic human CoV infectionsR01AI129269 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI Stanley Perlman · 2016 to 2026
$4.7MRole of Diabetes in MERS Coronavirus PathogenesisR01AI148166 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI FRIEMAN, MATTHEW BRYAN · 2020 to 2023
$2.3MNIAID NIH HHS P01 AI060699NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI129269NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI148166NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI157155NIH HHS P51 OD011104World Health Organization 001
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
Indexed as
Disease Models, AnimalAnimalsBetacoronavirusCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesFerretsHumansMesocricetusMicePandemicsPneumonia, ViralPrimatesSARS-CoV-2Viral VaccinesCOVID-19 VaccinesViral Vaccines
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