ReviewImmunology2021
Why do intestinal epithelial cells express MHC class II?
Review in Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epithelial antigen presentation shapes barrier memory.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- The receptor landscape of influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Intestinal Epithelial MHC-II at the Interface of Microbiota, Immunity, and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Teleost intestinal microfold cells: identification, characterization, and mucosal antigen sampling in olive flounder (Marine life science & technology · 2026Article
- Host immunogenetic variation and gut microbiome functionality in a wild vertebrate population.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Purified Diets Lacking Fermentable Fiber Reduce Microbial Diversity, Alter Epithelial Transcriptome, and Exacerbate Colitis.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Oesophageal Epithelial Cell-Intrinsic MHCII Regulates Food Antigen-Dependent Eosinophilic Esophagitis in an IFNγ-Dependent Manner.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Global RNA expression analysis of patient samples identified potential diagnostic biomarkers specific for peritoneal, ovarian and deep endometriosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gene-Environment Interactions in Celiac Disease: The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium.Lifestyle genomics · 2026Review
- HLA DP/DRA molecule regulates systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, aggravates cognitive impairment and long-term anxiety in murine model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Myokine-mediated mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated colorectal injury and repair in rectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut mucosal immune responses - Implications for celiac disease and food allergy.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Longitudinal single-cell analysis of glucagon-like peptide-2 treatment in patients with short bowel syndrome.JCI insight · 2025Article
- AF6 regulates intestinal IgA via crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease.iScience · 2025Article
- Article
- Canine intestinal organoids as a platform for studying MHC class II expression in epithelial cells.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2025Article
- Cellular landscape of avian intestinal organoids revealed by single cell transcriptomics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Shared Genetics in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Specify a Greater Role for Intestinal Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Ligands for Intestinal Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute the border between the vast antigen load present in the intestinal lumen and the mucosal immune compartment. Their ability to express antigen processing and presentation machinery evokes the question whether IECs function as non-conventional antigen-presenting cells. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression by non-haematopoietic cells, such as IECs, is tightly regulated by the class II transactivator (CIITA) and is classically induced by IFN-γ. As MHC class II expression by IECs is upregulated under inflammatory conditions, it has been proposed to activate effector CD4+ T (Teff) cells. However, other studies have reported contradictory results and instead suggested a suppressive role of antigen presentation by IECs, through regulatory T (Treg)-cell activation. Recent studies investigating the role of MHC class II + exosomes released by IECs also reported conflicting findings of either immune enhancing or immunosuppressive activities. Moreover, in addition to modulating inflammatory responses, recent findings suggest that MHC class II expression by intestinal stem cells may elicit crosstalk that promotes epithelial renewal. A more complete understanding of the different consequences of IEC MHC class II antigen presentation will guide future efforts to modulate this pathway to selectively invoke protective immunity while maintaining tolerance to beneficial antigens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.