ReviewReviews in medical virology2021
Immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Protection of Naturally Acquired Antibodies Against Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Positivity: Analysis of 123 Cases.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Double-Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Feline Coronavirus Infection.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Knowledge user involvement is still uncommon in published rapid reviews-a meta-research cross-sectional study.Research synthesis methods · 2025Article
- ATG5 negatively regulates grass carp reovirus-induced immune-inflammatory response by degrading RIG-I and MDA5.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Risk assessment of infection of COVID-19 contacts based on scenario simulation.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Article
- Age-specific severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in February 2020 to June 2021 in the Netherlands.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives.Chemical science · 2023Review
- Estimating infection fatality risk and ascertainment bias of COVID-19 in Osaka, Japan from February 2020 to January 2022.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Correlation of serum SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG serology and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: Experience from a tertiary care centre.World journal of biological chemistry · 2023Article
- Longitudinal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody immune response in acute and convalescent patients.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Distinct immune responses in the early phase to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.Journal of medical virology · 2022Article
- Reinfection and reactivation of SARS-CoV-2.Future virology · 2022Review
- Healthcare-Associated SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection after 3 Months with a Phylogenetically Distinct Omicron Variant: A Case Report.Viruses · 2022Article
- The association between micronutrients and the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in convalescent patients.Infection · 2022Article
- Article
- Adenomesenteritis following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Children: A Case Report and Review of The Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Strong Cellular Immune Response, but Not Humoral, against SARS-CoV-2 in Oncohematological Patients with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation after Natural Infection.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Mortality reduction in pediatric patients with severe fatal human adenoviral pneumonia treated with high titer neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) plasma: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to assess the long-term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were searched from 1/1/2000 until 26/5/2020. Of 4744 citations retrieved, 102 studies met our inclusion criteria. Seventy-four studies were retrieved on SARS-CoV-2. While the rate and timing of IgM and IgG seroconversion were inconsistent across studies, most seroconverted for IgG within 2 weeks and 100% (N = 62) within 4 weeks. IgG was still detected at the end of follow-up (49-65 days) in all patients (N = 24). Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 92%-100% of patients (up to 53 days). It is not clear if reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is possible, with studies more suggestive of intermittent detection of residual RNA. Twenty-five studies were retrieved on SARS-CoV. In general, SARS-CoV-specific IgG was maintained for 1-2 years post-infection and declined thereafter, although one study detected IgG up to 12 years post-infection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected up to 17 years in another study. Three studies on MERS-CoV reported that IgG may be detected up to 2 years. In conclusion, limited early data suggest that most patients seroconvert for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG within 2 weeks. While the long-term duration of antibody responses is unknown, evidence from SARS-CoV studies suggest SARS-CoV-specific IgG is sustained for 1-2 years and declines thereafter.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.