ArticleAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council2021
COVID-19-related financial stress associated with higher likelihood of depression among pregnant women living in the United States.
Article in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Women's mental health and COVID-19: increased vulnerability and inequalities.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Pooled it
- The prevalence of mental ill-health in women during pregnancy and after childbirth during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis.Asian journal of psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- One Year Into the Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes During COVID-19.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The Impact of Covid-19 on Women's Mental Health and Wellbeing During Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- COVID-19 Impact On Black and Latina Women: Pregnancy and Parenting.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- Pregnant Women's Experiences of Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The relationship between financial disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of public health research · 2025Review
- Everything feels just a little heavier, more wrought with implications, you know? - a mixed-methods study examining lifestyle behaviors, health, and well-being of pregnant and postpartum women during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Benefits and challenges: Qualitative exploration of women's experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji.PloS one · 2025Article
- Evaluating stress management approaches, types of social support and postpartum mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study based in the United States.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Associations between mental health conditions in pregnancy and maternal socioeconomic status: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Structural Violence and Stress Experiences of Young Pregnant Black People.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Paid Sick Leave and Self-Reported Depression and Anxiety: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Survey.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Safe motherhood in crisis; threats, opportunities, and needs: a qualitative study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Prevalence and predictors of prenatal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multistage observational study in Beijing, China.PloS one · 2024Observational
- Maternal perceived stress and infant behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.Pediatric research · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented levels of unemployment and financial strain for many Americans. Among the individuals impacted by financial strain are pregnant women, for whom added financial stress may be particularly impactful due to the costs associated with prenatal care and providing for a newborn. Financial stress has been previously associated with elevated depression symptoms among pregnant women, which could have significant impacts on birth outcomes and long-term offspring health. However, the impacts of COVID-19-associated financial stress on maternal depression in pregnancy has not been investigated.
methodsHere, we evaluated whether COVID-19-associated financial stress was associated with increased likelihood of a clinically significant depression score (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score ≥ 15) among pregnant women living in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data come from an online survey administered to a convenience sample in April 2020 (N = 2099).
resultsForty-three percent of participants reported experiencing financial stress as a result of the pandemic, while 24% of participants had a clinically significant depression score. COVID-19-related financial stress was significantly associated with increased likelihood of a clinically significant depression score, even after adjustment for covariates including participant education and income (adjusted Odds Ratio: 2.23, 95% CI = 1.80, 2.77, P < .001).
conclusionsFinancial stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with more than two times the likelihood of depression during pregnancy, which could impact birth outcomes and long-term offspring health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.