ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2020
Concurrent Hepatitis C and B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections Are Associated With Higher Mortality Risk Illustrating the Impact of Syndemics on Health Outcomes.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying Subgroups of People Living With HIV in British Columbia, Canada Based on Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infection Testing and Diagnostic Laboratory Data: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Characteristics linked to mortality risk among individuals with drug use disorders enrolled in drug rehabilitation facilities in Japan.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- People With HIV Are More Likely to Clear Hepatitis C: Role of Ryan White Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Predicting hepatitis C infection via machine learning.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Association of hepatitis B virus treatment with all-cause and liver-related mortality among individuals with HBV and cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver Single Topic Conference on Hepatitis B Virus: 'Progress toward hepatitis B elimination in Canada'.Canadian liver journal · 2024Article
- A Machine Learning-Based Mortality Prediction Model for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: An Exploratory Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- HIV-HBV Coinfection-Current Challenges for Virologic Monitoring.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Article
- Chronic hepatitis C infection is associated with higher incidence of extrahepatic cancers in a Canadian population based cohort.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Fatal self-injury in the United States, 1999-2018: Unmasking a national mental health crisis.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
- Elevated risk of colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers among HCV, HBV and/or HIV (co)infected individuals in a population based cohort in Canada.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are associated with significant mortality globally and in North America. However, data on impact of concurrent multiple infections on mortality risk are limited. We evaluated the effect of HCV, HBV, and HIV infections and coinfections and associated factors on all-cause mortality in British Columbia (BC), Canada.
methodsThe BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort includes ~1.7 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV, or reported as a case of HCV, HIV, or HBV from 1990 to 2015, linked to administrative databases. We followed people with HCV, HBV, or HIV monoinfection, coinfections, and triple infections from their negative status to date of death or December 31, 2016. Extended Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with all-cause mortality.
resultsOf 658 704 individuals tested for HCV, HBV, and HIV, there were 33 804 (5.13%) deaths. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, individuals with HCV/HBV/HIV (HR, 8.9; 95% CI, 8.2-9.7) infections had the highest risk of mortality followed by HCV/HIV (HR, 4.8; 95% CI, 4.4-5.1), HBV/HIV (HR, 4.1; 95% CI, 3.5-4.8), HCV/HBV (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 3.7-4.2), HCV (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.6-2.7), HBV (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 2.0-2.3), and HIV (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.7). Additional factors associated with mortality included injection drug use, problematic alcohol use, material deprivation, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and hypertension.
conclusionsConcurrent multiple infections are associated with high mortality risk. Substance use, comorbidities, and material disadvantage were significantly associated with mortality independent of coinfection. Preventive interventions, including harm reduction combined with coinfection treatments, can significantly reduce mortality.
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