SynthesisPulmonary medicine2020
The Effect of Smoking on COVID-19 Symptom Severity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Pulmonary medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Psychological Therapies Used for the Reduction of Habitual Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Consumption: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Examining reactions to smoking and COVID-19 risk messages: An experimental study with people who smoke.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Trial
- Nicotine and cotinine enhance SARS-CoV-2 entry through distinct but complementary mechanisms in human respiratory epithelial cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Correlation Between Disease Severity and Chest Computed Tomography Findings in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in a University Hospital of Bangladesh-An Observational Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of opium consumption in the severity, and outcome of COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The association between smoking and COVID-19 symptoms, severity, and post-COVID-19 symptoms: a cross-sectional survey study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Oral health, smoking status, and oral manifestations of adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 during the Omicron outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Observational
- Sales of tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products, especially nicotine pouches, increased in Finland during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and Comorbidities: What Has Been Unveiled by Metabolomics?Metabolites · 2024Review
- Article
- Stress, anxiety, and depression trajectories during the "first wave" of the COVID-19 pandemic: what drives resilient, adaptive and maladaptive responses in the Portuguese population?Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Psychological impact of COVID-19 among undergraduate students in Jordan: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- The predisposition of smokers to COVID-19 infection: A mini-review of global perspectives.Heliyon · 2023Review
- The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Review
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of HIV/AIDS-related services in Iran: a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2023Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR2-COV-2) and was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, but quickly spread to the rest of the world, causing a pandemic. While some studies have found no link between smoking status and severe COVID-19, others demonstrated a significant one. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between smoking and clinical COVID-19 severity via a systematic meta-analysis approach.
methodsWe searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify clinical studies suitable for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Studies reporting smoking status and comparing nonsevere and severe patients were included. Nonsevere cases were described as mild, common type, nonintensive care unit (ICU) treatment, survivors, and severe cases as critical, need for ICU, refractory, and nonsurvivors.
resultsA total of 16 articles detailing 11322 COVID-19 patients were included. Our meta-analysis revealed a relationship between a history of smoking and severe COVID-19 cases (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.37-3.46;
conclusionActive smoking and a history of smoking are clearly associated with severe COVID-19. The SARS-COV-2 epidemic should serve as an impetus for patients and those at risk to maintain good health practices and discontinue smoking. The trial is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020180173.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.