ArticleMolecular psychiatry2021
Individual deviations from normative models of brain structure in a large cross-sectional schizophrenia cohort.
Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.JAMA psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Linking Polygenic Risk of Schizophrenia to Variation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Measures: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluation of Risk of Bias in Neuroimaging-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Different functional alteration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across developmental age groups: A meta-analysis and an independent validation of resting-state functional connectivity studies.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Cross disorder comparisons of brain structure in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review of ENIGMA findings.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2022Pooled it
- Morphometric Analysis of Structural MRI Using Schizophrenia Meta-analytic Priors Distinguish Patients from Controls in Two Independent Samples and in a Sample of Individuals With High Polygenic Risk.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Cognition-Brain Morphology Relationships on the Schizophrenia-Bipolar Disorder Spectrum.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- Network-Based Spreading of Gray Matter Changes Across Different Stages of Psychosis.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Linking Personalized Brain Atrophy to Schizophrenia Network and Treatment Response.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Trial
- Heterogeneous structural brain signatures of methamphetamine and ketamine use disorders revealed by normative modeling.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multiscale Heterogeneity of White Matter Morphometry in Psychiatric Disorders.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Disentangling white matter correlates of symptom severity and general impairment in early psychosis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Early deviations from normative brain morphology and cortical microstructure in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Decomposing neuroanatomical heterogeneity in depression: insights from an ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group study in 5146 individuals.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Empirical validation of race-neutral normative brain morphometry models across ethnoracially diverse populations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Individualized cortical thickness asymmetry in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Normative age-related structural brain deviations underlying psychopathology, cognitive impairment and neurological soft signs in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Tracking early cognitive decline in preclinical AD with brain MRI similarity.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The heterogeneity of schizophrenia has defied efforts to derive reproducible and definitive anatomical maps of structural brain changes associated with the disorder. We aimed to map deviations from normative ranges of brain structure for individual patients and evaluate whether the loci of individual deviations recapitulated group-average brain maps of schizophrenia pathology. For each of 48 white matter tracts and 68 cortical regions, normative percentiles of variation in fractional anisotropy (FA) and cortical thickness (CT) were established using diffusion-weighted and structural MRI from healthy adults (n = 195). Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 322) were classified as either within the normative range for healthy individuals of the same age and sex (5-95% percentiles), infra-normal (<5% percentile) or supra-normal (>95% percentile). Repeating this classification for each tract and region yielded a deviation map for each individual. Compared to the healthy comparison group, the schizophrenia group showed widespread reductions in FA and CT, involving virtually all white matter tracts and cortical regions. Paradoxically, however, no more than 15-20% of patients deviated from the normative range for any single tract or region. Furthermore, 79% of patients showed infra-normal deviations for at least one locus (healthy individuals: 59 ± 2%, p < 0.001). Thus, while infra-normal deviations were common among patients, their anatomical loci were highly inconsistent between individuals. Higher polygenic risk for schizophrenia associated with a greater number of regions with infra-normal deviations in CT (r = -0.17, p = 0.006). We conclude that anatomical loci of schizophrenia-related changes are highly heterogeneous across individuals to the extent that group-consensus pathological maps are not representative of most individual patients. Normative modeling can aid in parsing schizophrenia heterogeneity and guiding personalized interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.