ArticleAcademic pediatrics2021
Effects of Breastfeeding, Formula Feeding, and Complementary Feeding on Rapid Weight Gain in the First Year of Life.
Article in Academic pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Sleep SAAF responsive parenting intervention improves mothers' feeding practices: a randomized controlled trial among African American mother-infant dyads.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2022Trial
- Optimal weight gain to reduce obesity risk in preterm infants in a National cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Association Between the Early Introduction of Solid Food and Childhood Obesity Risk: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Cord Blood Appetite Hormones and Early-Life Growth and Childhood Adiposity in the ENVIRONAGE Cohort.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Understanding the role of mothers and other caregivers in the context of infant feeding using the family ecological model.Appetite · 2025Article
- Mediating Effect of Infant Rapid Weight Gain on the Association Between Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Risk of Obesity Later in Life.Pediatric obesity · 2025Observational
- Dietary Patterns and Feeding Behavior of Infants in Croatia: Findings from the National Food Consumption Survey on Infants and Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Complementary feeding practices and nutritional status in infants living in Turkey: Iowa infant feeding attitude scale and complementary feeding index.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Applying an Equity Lens to Pediatric Obesity: Clinical, Environmental, and Policy Considerations for Clinicians.Pediatric clinics of North America · 2024Review
- Association between breastfeeding duration and BMI, 2009-2018: a population-based study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Breastfeeding duration and associations with prevention of accelerated growth among infants from low-income, racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Visceral fat and cardiometabolic future in children and adolescents: a critical update.Pediatric research · 2023Review
- African American mothers' perceptions of infant body size are prospectively associated with infant growth and BMI.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2023Article
- Association of Maternal BMI and Rapid Infant Weight Gain With Childhood Body Size and Composition.Pediatrics · 2023Article
- Are Complementary Feeding Practices Aligned with Current Recommendations? A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Feeding, television, and sleep behaviors at one year of age in a diverse sample.Obesity pillars · 2023Article
- A cross-sectional study of infant feeding practices in Vietnamese-born mothers living in Australia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- The care of infants with rapid weight gain: Should we be doing more?Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2022Article
- Rapid Weight Gain, Infant Feeding Practices, and Subsequent Body Mass Index Trajectories: The CALINA Study.Nutrients · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether proportion of breast versus formula feeding and timing of complementary food introduction affect the odds of rapid gain in weight status in a diverse sample of infants.
methodsUsing data from Greenlight Intervention Study, we analyzed the effects of type of milk feeding (breastfeeding, formula, or mixed feeding) from the 2- to 6-month well visits, and the introduction of complementary foods before 4 months on rapid increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) before 12 months using multivariable logistic regression models.
resultsOf the 865 infants enrolled, 469 had complete data on all variables of interest, and 41% and 33% of those infants had rapid increases in WAZ and WLZ, respectively. Odds of rapid increase in WAZ remained lowest for infants breastfeeding from 2 to 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17, 0.69) when compared to infants who were formula-fed. Adjusted for feeding, introduction of complementary foods after 4 months was associated with decreased odds of rapid increase in WLZ (aOR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.96).
conclusionsFeeding typified by predominant breastfeeding and delaying introduction of complementary foods after 4 months reduces the odds of rapid increases in WAZ and WLZ in the first year of life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.