SynthesisJournal of sport and health science2021
State laws governing school physical education in relation to attendance and physical activity among students in the USA: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of sport and health science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathways to Real World Evidence From the Real World of School-Based Physical Fitness Testing (SB-PFT).Learning health systems · 2026Article
- A natural experiment to assess recess frequency on children's physical activity in Arizona (U.S.) elementary schools.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Role of Physical Education Within the National Physical Activity Plan.Journal of physical education, recreation & dance · 2024Article
- The Role of Motivation and Physical Self-Concept in Accomplishing Physical Activity in Primary School Children.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study systematically synthesized and quantified the relationship linking state laws governing school physical education (PE) to PE attendance and physical activity (PA) in class and throughout the day and week among students in the USA.
methodsA keyword search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Complete, and EconLit. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the effects of state PE laws.
resultsA total of 17 studies were included in the review, and five contributed to the meta-analyses. A total of 8 studies used nationally representative school- or student-level data, three focused on multiple states, and the remaining six examined the PE laws of a single state. The presence and strength of state PE laws were positively associated with PE attendance and the frequency and duration of PA during PE classes and throughout the school day. Compared to those residing in states with weak or no PE laws, students in states with strong PE laws had an additional 0.2 days (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.1-0.4) of PE attendance per week and spent an additional 33.9 min (95%CI: 22.7-45.0) participating PE classes per week. State PE laws affected girls' PA more than boys'. Different aspects of state PE laws tended to affect students' PE attendance differently. Disparities in the implementation of state PE laws existed across schools.
conclusionFuture studies should adopt objective measures on PE and PA participation and examine the roles schools and districts play in mediating the effect of state PE laws on students' PE attendance and PA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.