ReviewOpen biology2020
Cytokine storm and COVID-19: a chronicle of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Review in Open biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05304702 (Lung Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 195 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Lung Injury (Pulmonary Edema) in COVID-19: Treatment With Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL): a Case-Control Study
Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 384 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Microbiological research · 2023Pooled it
- Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- Innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Pooled it
- Frailty as a predictor of mortality among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Add-on effect of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- The effectiveness of Colchicine as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: Meta-analysis.International journal of immunopathology and pharmacologyPooled it
- Assessment of the HScore as a predictor of disease outcome in patients with COVID-19.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2021Trial
- Randomized placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial on the efficacy of ayurvedic treatment regime on COVID-19 positive patients.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Proximity labeling puts ZFP36L1 as central hub for posttranscriptional regulation networks in T cells.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- In vitro Evaluation of Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Potential of Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria from Iranian Dairy Products: An Insight into beneficial potential of cheese-derived isolates.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- The potential role of indomethacin in COVID-19 management: A systematic review of therapeutic and mechanistic evidence.New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Systemic multi-omics analysis reveals interferon response heterogeneity and links lipid metabolism to immune alterations in severe COVID-19.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Serum Ferritin and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Association of CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles with Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Homoeriodictyol, targeting the bitter taste receptor TAS2R14, lowers the secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines upon treatment with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Aging and vaccines: impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging in vaccine response.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- A KSHV-targeted small molecule efficiently blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection via inhibiting expression of EGFR and Cyclin A2.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Identification of effective synthetic molecules against viral-induced cytokine release syndrome using in silico and in vitro approaches.Molecular diversity · 2025Article
- Multi-omics profiling of acuteVirulence · 2025Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world, unlike any other pandemic in the last 50 years. Our understanding of the disease has evolved rapidly since the outbreak; disease prognosis is influenced mainly by multi-organ involvement. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, liver damage, shock and multi-organ failure are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 disease pathology is plausibly linked to the hyperinflammatory response of the body characterized by pathological cytokine levels. The term 'cytokine storm syndrome' is perhaps one of the critical hallmarks of COVID-19 disease severity. In this review, we highlight prominent cytokine families and their potential role in COVID-19, the type I and II interferons, tumour necrosis factor and members of the Interleukin family. We address various changes in cellular components of the immune response corroborating with changes in cytokine levels while discussing cytokine sources and biological functions. Finally, we discuss in brief potential therapies attempting to modulate the cytokine storm.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.