ArticleCancer medicine2020
Rate differences between first and second primary cancers may outline immune dysfunction as a key risk factor.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Oral Cavity Cancer and Lymphoma: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- Genetic Association of Primary Lung Cancer With Urological Cancers: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study and SEER Database Validation.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Incidence and survival in oral and pharyngeal cancers in Finland and Sweden through half century.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- Family History of Head and Neck Cancers.Cancers · 2021Article
- Second Primary Cancers After Kidney Cancers, and Kidney Cancers as Second Primary Cancers.European urology open science · 2021Article
- Second Primary Cancers After Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers, and These Cancers as Second Primary Cancers.Clinical epidemiology · 2021Article
- Rate differences between first and second primary cancers may outline immune dysfunction as a key risk factor.Cancer medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany cancers are increased in immunosuppressed patients and evidence is accumulating that immune dysfunction may be a contributing risk factor for second primary cancers (SPCs). The aim of this study was to explore the potential influence of immune mechanisms in SPC.
methodsWe used the Swedish Cancer Registry (1990-2015) to select 13 male and 14 female first primary cancers (FPCs) that are known to be related to immune suppression. We assessed relative risks (RRs) for any of these as concordant (same first and second cancer) and discordant FPC-SPC pairs. Hierarchical clustering of significant RRs was performed for cancers as FPC and SPC.
resultsConcordant risks for SPCs were excessive in men and women for nasal (RRs 59.3 for men and 150.6 for women), tongue/mouth (51.7 and 100.8), and lip (32.4 and 61.2) cancers. Heatmaps showed that some cancers, such as skin cancer, tongue/mouth cancers, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma had multiple bidirectional associations as FPC and SPC. Nasal cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia had associations mainly as FPC while liver and kidney cancers showed most associations as SPC.
conclusionsImmune dysfunction may be a plausible contributing factor for most of the associations, which calls for experimental verification.
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Registered trials
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