ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency in Dysregulating Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Increasing Mortality Rates After Bacterial Coinfections.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epithelial remodeling and microbial dysbiosis in the lower respiratory tract of vitamin A-deficient mouse lungs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Developing a prediction model of neonatal pneumonia in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus in primary medical institutions.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Determinants of Vitamin A Consumption Among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Somalia: A Multilevel Analysis of SDHS 2020.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Body Size and Risk of Death During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Alaska.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Age Matters: Key Contributors to Interferon Toxicity in Infants During Influenza Virus Infection.Viruses · 2025Review
- Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2023Review
- Immune Impairment Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency: Insights from Clinical Studies and Animal Model Research.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Retinol Binding Protein, Sunlight Hours, and the Influenza Virus-Specific Immune Response.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Hypothesis: Low Vitamin A and D Levels Worsen Clinical Outcomes When Children with Sickle Cell Disease Encounter Parvovirus B19.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Serum antioxidant vitamins and respiratory morbidity and mortality: a pooled analysis.Respiratory research · 2022Article
- Nutrient modulation of viral infection-implications for COVID-19.Nutrition research and practice · 2021Review
- Vitamin A Plasma Levels in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Study and Hypothesis.Nutrients · 2021Observational
- Clinical Characteristics and Survival Analysis in Frequent Alcohol Consumers With COVID-19.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Might Routine Vitamin A Monitoring in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Reduce Virus-Mediated Lung Pathology?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients: How Can Pulmonary Dysfunctions Improve?Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSecondary bacterial coinfections are ranked as a leading cause of hospitalization and morbid conditions associated with influenza. Because vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and insufficiency are frequent in both developed and developing countries, we asked how VAD influences coinfection severity.
methodsVAD and control mice were infected with influenza virus for evaluation of inflammatory cytokines, cellular immune responses, and viral clearance. Influenza-infected mice were coinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae to study weight loss and survival.
resultsNaive VAD mouse lungs exhibited dysregulated immune function. Neutrophils were enhanced in frequency and there was a significant reduction in RANTES (regulated on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted), a chemokine instrumental in T-cell homing and recruitment. After influenza virus infection, VAD mice experienced failures in CD4+ T-cell recruitment and B-cell organization into lymphoid structures in the lung. VAD mice exhibited higher viral titers than controls and slow viral clearance. There were elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and innate cell subsets in the lungs. However, arginase, a marker of alternatively activated M2 macrophages, was rare. When influenza-infected VAD animals were exposed to bacteria, they experienced a 100% mortality rate.
conclusionData showed that VAD dysregulated the immune response. Consequently, secondary bacterial infections were 100% lethal in influenza-infected VAD mice.
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Registered trials
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