ArticleJournal of epidemiology and global health2020
HIV Prevalence, Risk Factors for Infection, and Uptake of Prevention, Testing, and Treatment among Female Sex Workers in Namibia.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, retention and adherence among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and associated factors of HIV among female sex workers in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Quantifying intersectional stigma in HIV prevention contexts: adaptation and validation of a scale among female sex workers in Namibia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with HIV Testing Among Women of Reproductive Age in Liberia: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 2019/20 Demographic and Health Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- HIV seroconversion among female sex workers: retrospective cohort study from a large-scale HIV prevention and sexual and reproductive health program in Tanzania.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Article
- Respondent-driven sampling to recruit adolescents in Kenya.Annals of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Determinants of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Ethiopia: a count regression model approach.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Article
- HIV prevalence and associated factors among female sex workers in Ethiopia, east Africa: A cross-sectional study using a respondent-driven sampling technique.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among female sex workers in Togo in 2017: a cross-sectional national study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2022Article
- High burden of self-reported sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Togo in 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Global Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn most settings, Female Sex Workers (FSW) bear a disproportionate burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease worldwide. Representative data to inform the development of behavioral and biomedical interventions for FSW in Namibia have not been published.
objectivesOur objectives were to measure HIV prevalence, identify risk factors for infection, and describe uptake of prevention, testing, and treatment among FSW in Namibia.
methodsWe conducted cross-sectional surveys using Respondent-driven Sampling (RDS) in the Namibian cities of Katima Mulilo, Oshikango, Swakopmund/Walvis Bay, and Windhoek. Participating FSW completed behavioral questionnaires and rapid HIV testing.
resultsCity-specific ranges of key indicators were: HIV prevalence (31.0-52.3%), reached by prevention programs in the past 12 months (46.9-73.6%), condom use at last sex with commercial (82.1-91.1%) and non-commercial (87.0-94.2%) partners, and tested for HIV within past 12 months or already aware of HIV-positive serostatus (56.9-82.1%). Factors associated with HIV infection varied by site and included: older age, having multiple commercial or non-commercial sex partners, unemployment, being currently out of school, and lower education level. Among HIV-positive FSW, 57.1% were aware of their HIV-positive serostatus and 33.7% were on antiretroviral treatment. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate extremely high HIV prevalence and low levels of case identification and treatment among FSW in Namibia. Our results, which are the first representative community-based estimates among FSW in Namibia, can inform the scale-up of interventions to reduce the risk for HIV acquisition and onward transmission, including treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
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