ArticleChild psychiatry and human development2021
Identifying Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) Factors in Adolescents: Understanding the Hikikomori Spectrum.
Article in Child psychiatry and human development, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functioning, disability, and health of individuals with Hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) and their families: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Understanding the experiences of hikikomori through the lens of the CHIME framework: connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, and empowerment; systematic review.BMC psychology · 2021Pooled it
- Social Isolation, Related Constructs and Problematic School Attendance Problems in Adolescence: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Failure to Launch (FTL): A Narrative Review and Call for Research.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Review
- Social marginalization risk and its negative association with socialising preferences in Japanese gamers.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Investigating the Overlap ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- On Your Own: An Explorative Study on the Psychopathological and Psychosocial Correlates of Hikikomori Symptoms in Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- The impact of family environment on social avoidance in adolescents with depressive disorders: a chain mediation model involving basic psychological needs and core self-evaluations.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Predominant affective temperaments in depressive patients with severe social withdrawal.Annals of general psychiatry · 2024Article
- Case report: hikikomori syndrome in Italy and its link with autistic traits and internet gaming disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Hikikomori (Severe Social Withdrawal) in Italian Adolescents: Clinical Features and Follow-Up.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sensitivity and Attachment in an Italian Sample of Hikikomori Adolescents and Young Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Hikikomori: A Scientometric Review of 20 Years of Research.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Symptoms of Prolonged Social Withdrawal, Problematic Internet Use, and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Emerging Adulthood: A Moderation Model.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2023Article
- Validation of the Italian version of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25-I).Journal of clinical psychology · 2023Article
- The impact of higher levels of autistic traits on risk of hikikomori (pathological social withdrawal) in young adults.PloS one · 2023Article
- Diagnostic specificity of the child psychosis-risk screening system with a focus on the differentiation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire for Adolescents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hikikomori is a Japanese term for social withdrawal, ranging from complete inability to venture outdoors to preferring to stay inside. The prevalence of hikikomori is high, up to 1.2% of the Japanese population, but only few studies have examined its emergence in adolescents. Therefore, we sought to identify environmental and psycho-behavioral characteristics related to hikikomori during adolescence. Parents of middle school students who underwent psychiatric outpatient treatment for hikikomori (n = 20) and control group parents (n = 88) completed the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate their child's psycho-behavioral characteristics and novel scales to evaluate environmental characteristics and hikikomori severity. Scores for all eight Child Behavior Checklist subscales were significantly higher in the experimental group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that "anxious/depressed," "somatic complaints," "lack of communication between parents" and "overuse of the Internet" were significant predictors of hikikomori severity. These findings can help identify individuals who are at risk of developing hikikomori.
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