ArticleCell research2021
RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway.
Article in Cell research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 314 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
314 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 463 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exosomes in diabetic kidney disease: pathogenesis, biomarker discovery, and emerging therapeutics-a comprehensive systematic review.Renal failure · 2026Pooled it
- Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Biomedical Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and genitourinary cancers: from biological mechanisms to clinical applications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Functional heterogeneity of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Electrical Stimulation-Induced Modulation of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Therapy.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Exosome-mediated muscle-bone crosstalk: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Host determinants of exo-rAAV production revealed by extended gene expression analysis in HEK293 cells.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- The Role and Mechanism of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Repair of Ischemic Heart Disease.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- Exosome-mediated siRNA delivery in cancer: Loading strategies, targeting approaches, and therapeutic outcomes.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Review
- GRNContext: an interactive web platform for contextualized gene regulatory networks visualization across human cancers.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Extracellular-Vesicle-Associated Nucleic Acids in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Exosome Biology at the Interface of Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic Innovation.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Silencing the Signal: The Metastasis Suppressor NDRG1 Disrupts Small Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Crosstalk in Pancreatic Cancer.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Anti-Aging Therapy: Mechanisms, Applications, and Perspectives.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in solid tumors: from tumor ecology to engineered therapeutics.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Engineered Exosomes in Precision Neuro-Oncology: Mechanisms, Therapeutics, and Translational Challenges.Cancers · 2026Review
- Exosome-based therapies for corneal disorders: current status and future perspectives.MedScience · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Liquid-liquid phase separation of CBX2 regulates lipid raft-mediated extracellular vesicle biogenesis to facilitate ovarian carcinoma metastasis.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
254 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exosomes are generated within the multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) and secreted during the fusion of MVEs with the cell membrane. The mechanisms of exosome biogenesis remain poorly explored. Here we identify that RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway. Active RAB31, phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), engages flotillin proteins in lipid raft microdomains to drive EGFR entry into MVEs to form ILVs, which is independent of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. Active RAB31 interacts with the SPFH domain and drives ILV formation via the Flotillin domain of flotillin proteins. Meanwhile, RAB31 recruits GTPase-activating protein TBC1D2B to inactivate RAB7, thereby preventing the fusion of MVEs with lysosomes and enabling the secretion of ILVs as exosomes. These findings establish that RAB31 has dual functions in the biogenesis of exosomes: driving ILVs formation and suppressing MVEs degradation, providing an exquisite framework to better understand exosome biogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.