ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
Proposing a Framework for the Restorative Effects of Nature through Conditioning: Conditioned Restoration Theory.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Mechanisms Underpinning Psychological Change Following Nature Exposure in an Adolescent Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Birdsongs alleviate anxiety and paranoia in healthy participants.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Brief virtual nature exposure and acute stress: inconclusive evidence regarding stress reactivity, recovery, and emotion regulation.Journal of environmental psychology · 2026Article
- The psychological restorative effects of green exercise: a moderated mediation model of nature relatedness and exercise behavior.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Green urban environments enhance brain-to-brain synchrony.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Nature Engagement Outcomes of Viewing Nature Through a 360° Video or a Tablet Screen: Randomized Trial.JMIR serious games · 2025Article
- The Physical Activity Environment, Nature-Relatedness and Wellbeing.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Nature's impact on human health and wellbeing: the scale matters.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Watching (natural) beauty boosts task performance: testing the nature-as-reward hypothesis.Psychological research · 2024Article
- Remedies from nature: exploring the moderating mechanisms of natural landscape features on emotions and perceived restoration in urban parks.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- In situ psycho-cognitive assessments support self-determined urban green exercise time.Urban forestry & urban greening · 2023Article
- Article
- The Mediating Effect of Nature Restorativeness, Stress Level, and Nature Connectedness in the Association between Nature Exposure and Quality of Life.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Restoration Skills Training in a Natural Setting Compared to Conventional Mindfulness Training: Sustained Advantages at a 6-Month Follow-Up.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Watching Nature Videos Promotes Physiological Restoration: Evidence From the Modulation of Alpha Waves in Electroencephalography.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Effect of environmental education on the knowledge of aquatic ecosystems and reconnection with nature in early childhood.PloS one · 2022Article
- The Value of Nature During Psychotherapy: A Qualitative Study of Client Experiences.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Natural environments have been shown to trigger psychological and physiological restoration in humans. A new framework regarding natural environments restorative properties is proposed. Conditioned restoration theory builds on a classical conditioning paradigm, postulating the occurrence of four stages: (i) unconditioned restoration, unconditioned positive affective responses reliably occur in a given environment (such as in a natural setting); (ii) restorative conditioning, the positive affective responses become conditioned to the environment; (iii) conditioned restoration, subsequent exposure to the environment, in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, retrieves the same positive affective responses; and (iv) stimulus generalization, subsequent exposure to associated environmental cues retrieves the same positive affective responses. The process, hypothetically not unique to natural environments, involve the well-documented phenomenon of conditioning, retrieval, and association and relies on evaluative conditioning, classical conditioning, core affect, and conscious expectancy. Empirical findings showing that restoration can occur in non-natural environments and through various sensory stimuli, as well as findings demonstrating that previous negative experience with nature can subsequently lower restorative effects, are also presented in support of the theory. In integration with other existing theories, the theory should prove to be a valuable framework for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.