ArticlePloS one2020
Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships between heritable dementia risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood, and midlife neuropsychological outcomes.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Uncovering mediational pathways behind racial and socioeconomic disparities in brain volumes: insights from the UK Biobank study.GeroScience · 2025Article
- The Influence of Structural Brain Changes on Cognition in the Context of Healthy Aging: Exploring Mediation Effects Through gBAT-The Graphical Brain Association Tool.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
- Alcohol, smoking, and brain structure: common or substance specific associations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Pathways explaining racial/ethnic and socio-economic disparities in brain white matter integrity outcomes in the UK Biobank study.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Discovery of High-Risk Clinical Factors That Accelerate Brain Aging in Adults: A Population-Based Machine Learning Study.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Low neighborhood deprivation buffers against hippocampal neurodegeneration, white matter hyperintensities, and poorer cognition.GeroScience · 2023Article
- Association of Income with Post-Stroke Cognition and the Underlying Neuroanatomical Mechanism.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Contribution of smoking towards the association between socioeconomic position and dementia: 32-year follow-up of the Whitehall II prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
- Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality.mSystems · 2022Article
- Associations of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking With Disease Risk and Neurodegeneration in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis in the United Kingdom.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Neurodegeneration from the AT(N) framework is different among Mexican Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites: A Health & Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) Study.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Early-but Not Late-Onset Hypertension Is Related to Midlife Cognitive Function.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Article
- Neuroanatomical Correlates of Impulsive Choices and Risky Decision Making in Young Chronic Tobacco Smokers: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInvestigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adults.
methodsWe studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.
resultsHigher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p < .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p < .01) that was previously attributed to SES.
conclusionTargeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia.
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Registered trials
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