ReviewBrain communications2019
Dependence, withdrawal and rebound of CNS drugs: an update and regulatory considerations for new drugs development.
Review in Brain communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Discontinuing antidepressant medication: a qualitative evidence synthesis and logic model based on health professionals' views.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) after stopping antidepressants: a systematic review with meta-narrative synthesis.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of discontinuation of serotonergic antidepressants prior to psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram for major depression.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Trial
- Exploring the nature and relationship of tobacco cigarette craving and withdrawal.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- A Novel Role of Dexmedetomidine in the Modulation of Morphine Reward Memory via γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter-1.Anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Impact of Preoperative Toxicological Screening on Perioperative Anesthetic Management and Short-Term Outcomes Following Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.Obesity surgery · 2026Observational
- HOPE-AO overprescribing in older adults with chronic pain: a protocol for qualitative interviews with patients and healthcare professionals.NIHR open research · 2026Article
- Roland R. Griffiths, psychopharmacology pioneer: Abuse liability, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Helping people to discontinue antipsychotics: if, when and how.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Repeated naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal alters blood brain barrier and blood spinal cord barrier integrity in mice.Molecular brain · 2025Article
- Frequency of self-reported persistent post-treatment genital hypoesthesia among past antidepressant users: a cross-sectional survey of sexual and gender minority youth in Canada and the US.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Network analysis of caffeine use disorder, withdrawal symptoms, and psychiatric symptoms.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Tapering and withdrawing opioids: guidance informed by fundamental principles to minimise withdrawal symptoms.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- A case report of pregabalin misuse leading to drug dependence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Rebound activation of 5-HT neurons following SSRI discontinuation.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Disease flares with baricitinib dose reductions and development of flare criteria in patients with CANDLE/PRAAS.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of SSRI Therapy and Discontinuation.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe dependence and withdrawal phenomena related to CNS drugs discontinuation and to clarify issues related to the evaluation of clinical drug withdrawal and rebound as they relate to safety in new drug development. The article presents current understanding and definitions of drug dependence and withdrawal which are also relevant and important features of addiction, though not the same. Addiction, called substance use disorder in DSM-5, affects an individual's brain and behaviour, represents uncontrollable drug abuse and inability to stop taking a drug regardless of the harm it causes. Characteristic withdrawal syndromes following abrupt discontinuation of CNS-active drugs from numerous drug classes are described. These include drugs both scheduled and non-scheduled in the Controlled Substances Act, which categorizes drugs in five schedules based on their relative abuse potentials and dependence liabilities and for regulatory purposes. Schedules 1 and 2 contain drugs identified as those with the highest abuse potential and strictest regulations. Less recognized aspects of drug withdrawal, such as rebound and protracted withdrawal syndromes for several drug classes are also addressed. Part I presents relevant definitions and describes clinical withdrawal and dependence phenomena. Part II reviews known withdrawal syndromes for the different drug classes, Part III describes rebound and Part IV describes protracted withdrawal syndromes. To our knowledge, this is the first compilation of withdrawal syndromes for CNS drugs. Part V provides details of evaluation of dependence and withdrawal in the clinical trials for CNS drugs, which includes general design recommendations, and several tools, such as withdrawal questionnaires and multiple scales that are helpful in the systematic evaluation of withdrawal. The limitations of different aspects of this method of dependence and withdrawal evaluation are also discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.