ArticleHeliyon2020
Thermodynamic insight into viral infections 2: empirical formulas, molecular compositions and thermodynamic properties of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) viruses.
Article in Heliyon, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral infections: The Biothermodynamics Point of View.Iranian journal of biotechnology · 2026Article
- Quasi-Equilibrium States and Phase Transitions in Biological Evolution.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 strain wars continues: Chemical and thermodynamic characterization of live matter and biosynthesis of Omicron BN.1, CH.1.1 and XBC variants.Microbial risk analysis · 2023Article
- Ghosts of the past: Elemental composition, biosynthesis reactions and thermodynamic properties of Zeta P.2, Eta B.1.525, Theta P.3, Kappa B.1.617.1, Iota B.1.526, Lambda C.37 and Mu B.1.621 variants of SARS-CoV-2.Microbial risk analysis · 2023Article
- Article
- Never ending story? Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 monitored through Gibbs energies of biosynthesis and antigen-receptor binding of Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1 variants.Microbial risk analysis · 2023Article
- The SARS-CoV-2 Hydra, a tiny monster from the 21st century: Thermodynamics of the BA.5.2 and BF.7 variants.Microbial risk analysis · 2023Article
- Review
- Strain wars 5: Gibbs energies of binding of BA.1 through BA.4 variants of SARS-CoV-2.Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Strain wars 3: Differences in infectivity and pathogenicity between Delta and Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 can be explained by thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of binding and growth.Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Beyond COVID-19: Do biothermodynamic properties allow predicting the future evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants?Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Why doesn't Ebola virus cause pandemics like SARS-CoV-2?Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Strain Wars: Competitive interactions between SARS-CoV-2 strains are explained by Gibbs energy of antigen-receptor binding.Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Using thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict the effect of antiviral agents on infectivity: Theoretical application to SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.Microbial risk analysis · 2022Article
- Phase transitions may explain why SARS-CoV-2 spreads so fast and why new variants are spreading faster.Physica A · 2022Article
- Strain wars 2: Binding constants, enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs energies and rates of binding of SARS-CoV-2 variants.Virology · 2022Article
- SARS Antibody Testing in Children: Development of Oral Fluid Assays for IgG Measurements.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2022Review
- Stress adaptation signature into the functional units of spike, envelope, membrane protein and ssRNA of SARS-CoV-2.Molecular biology research communications · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current situation with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic indicates the importance of new approaches in vaccine design. In order to design new attenuated vaccines, to decrease virulence of virus wild types, it is important to understand what allows a virus to hijack its host cell's metabolism, a property of all viruses. RNA and protein sequences obtained from databases were used to count the number of atoms of each element in the virions of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. The number of protein copies and carbohydrate composition were taken from the literature. The number of lipid molecules was estimated from the envelope surface area. Based on elemental composition, growth equations were balanced, and thermodynamic properties of the viruses were determined using Patel-Erickson and Battley equations. Elemental and molecular compositions of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 were found, as well as their standard thermodynamic properties of formation and growth. Standard Gibbs energy of growth of virus nucleocapsids was found to be significantly more negative than that of their host tissue. The ratio of Gibbs energies of growth of virus nucleocapsids and host cell is greater than unity. The more negative Gibbs energy of growth of viruses implies that virus multiplication has a greater driving force than synthesis of host cell components, giving a physical explanation of why viruses are able to hijack their host cell's metabolism. Knowing the mechanism of viral metabolism hijacking can open new paths for vaccine design. By manipulating chemical composition of viruses, virulence can be decreased by making the Gibbs energy of their growth less negative, resulting in decreased multiplication rate, while preserving antigenic properties.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.