ReviewBiological psychiatry2021
Four Deep Brain Stimulation Targets for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Are They Different?
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive-disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant outcome data from sham-controlled trials.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression Informed by Intracranial Recordings.Biological psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Mapping autonomic, mood and cognitive effects of hypothalamic region deep brain stimulation.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2021Trial
- Next-Generation Neuromodulation for Anxiety: Circuit-Based and Personalized Approaches.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Conserved fiber topography of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in treatment-resistant psychiatric patients.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The neuroanatomy and connectivity of the ventral striatum and ventral capsule area in the Göttingen minipig.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Pallidal alpha activity is an electrophysiological biomarker of symptom severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Research square · 2026Article
- Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evolution of tractography-based targeting.Journal of neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Article
- Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of prior and emerging methods.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- A Multi-Symptom Circuit Architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Disinhibited behavior associated with rapid clinical response to deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: illustrative cases.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2025Article
- Prefrontal Network Mechanisms of Psychiatric Deep Brain Stimulation.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Review
- Intracranial electrophysiological biomarkers of compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- Cross-species neuroanatomy in primates using tractography.Brain structure & function · 2025Review
- Challenges and opportunities of acquiring cortical recordings for chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of DBS: from informational lesions to circuit modulation and implications in OCD.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
- Morphological evidence for neuronal connections between the olfactory neurogenic region and the striatum in adult rats.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2025Article
- Joint Anatomical, Histological, and Imaging Investigation of the Midbrain Target Region for Superolateral Medial Forebrain Bundle Deep Brain Stimulation.Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation is a promising therapeutic approach for patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder, a condition linked to abnormalities in corticobasal ganglia networks. Effective targets are placed in one of four subcortical areas with the goal of capturing prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and basal ganglia connections linked to the limbic system. These include the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the ventral striatum, the subthalamic nucleus, and a midbrain target. The goal of this review is to examine these 4 targets with respect to the similarities and differences of their connections. Following a review of the connections for each target based on anatomic studies in nonhuman primates, we examine the accuracy of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography to replicate those connections in nonhuman primates, before evaluating the connections in the human brain based on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography. Results demonstrate that the four targets generally involve similar connections, all of which are part of the internal capsule. Nonetheless, some connections are unique to each site. Delineating the similarities and differences across targets is a critical step for evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of each and how circuits contribute to the therapeutic outcome. It also underscores the importance that the terminology used for each target accurately reflects its position and its anatomic connections, so as to enable comparisons across clinical studies and for basic scientists to probe mechanisms underlying deep brain stimulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.