ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2020
Costs of reproduction and ageing in the human female.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are pregnancy and parity associated with telomere length? A systematic review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Costs of maternal care revealed through body conditionin Northern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, age at menopause, and vasomotor symptoms among mid-life Latine adults in California.Evolutionary human sciences · 2026Article
- Mothers facing greater environmental adversity experience increased costs of reproduction.Science advances · 2025Article
- Epigenetic Clock Analysis of Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Androgen receptor gene polymorphism and biological age markers in men.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- [Endocrine-Metabolic Evaluation of female infertility in public health: initial results in the interior of the country]Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina) · 2025Observational
- Association of parity with the timing and type of menopause: a longitudinal cohort study.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Genetic regulation of TERT splicing affects cancer risk by altering cellular longevity and replicative potential.Nature communications · 2025Article
- X*Y females exhibit steeper reproductive senescence in the African pygmy mouse.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Higher oxygen content and transport characterize high-altitude ethnic Tibetan women with the highest lifetime reproductive success.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Linkages between consanguinity, pregnancy outcomes and offspring mortality in twenty-first century India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Pregnancy is linked to faster epigenetic aging in young women.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Review
- Role of Inflammaging on the Reproductive Function and Pregnancy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Review
- Parity and hypertension risk in couples: does number of parity matter: findings from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Mothers of small-bodied children and fathers of vigorous sons live longer.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Maternal childhood trauma is associated with offspring body size during the first year of life.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A Life History Perspective on Athletes with Low Energy Availability.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Review
- Pregnancy, preeclampsia and maternal aging: From epidemiology to functional genomics.Ageing research reviews · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of ageing point to reproduction as a significant factor to consider when asking why ageing occurs and why there is inter-individual variation in its progression. Reproduction in human females is costly, in terms of energy, nutrients and metabolic adjustments. Thus, it is expected that women who experienced high reproductive effort resulting from multiple reproductive events will age faster. However, the evidence for long-term negative effects of reproduction is not conclusive. The lack of understanding of whether there are trade-offs between reproduction and ageing in women is partly due to methodological challenges. The costs of reproduction are often calculated based only on parity, while other elements contributing to these costs (e.g. breastfeeding, timing of reproduction) are neglected, which may significantly underestimate the total costs and obscure the all-important inter-individual variation in such costs. Costs must be evaluated in relation to individual characteristics, including developmental conditions, nutritional status and social support that a mother receives during reproduction. Furthermore, ageing and health must be assessed based on comprehensive markers rather than arbitrarily assembled variables. Finally, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional studies and new statistical approaches are needed to reveal how much of a decline in health and progressing ageing can actually be attributed to past reproductive processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.