Trial reportBrain stimulation
Induction of LTD-like corticospinal plasticity by low-frequency rTMS depends on pre-stimulus phase of sensorimotor μ-rhythm.
Trial report in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked electroencephalography responses as biomarkers for epilepsy: A review of study design and outcomes.Human brain mapping · 2023Pooled it
- A Dose-Finding, Biomarker Validation, and Effectiveness Study of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adolescents With Depression.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Trial
- From Oscillations to Brain States: Real-Time EEG-TMS for Adaptive Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Oscillatory brain state-dependent stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Primary Somatosensory to Motor Cortex Microstructural Connectivity Predicts the Mu-Rhythm Phase Effect on Corticospinal Excitability: An EEG-TMS Study.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Bayesian Temporal Prediction: A Robust Algorithm for Real-Time EEG Phase-Dependent Brain Stimulation.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- Immediate excitatory effect of transcranial ultrasound intensity on the human primary motor cortex: a double-blind, sham-controlled and crossover study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Understanding the emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescence from a brain and behavioral developmental perspective.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- ExoTMS transcranial magnetic stimulation for the reduction of binge eating symptoms.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Embracing Internal States: A Review of Optimization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treating Depression.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- μ-Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Induces Phasic Entrainment and Plastic Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Enhancing prefrontal modulation by phase-locking intermittent theta burst stimulation to a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Real-time TMS-EEG for brain state-controlled research and precision treatment: a narrative review and guide.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Review
- Effects of different modalities of transcranial magnetic stimulation on post-stroke cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Personalized whole-brain activity patterns predict human corticospinal tract activation in real-time.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Long-range and cross-frequency neural modulation of gamma flicker on vigilance decrement.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2024Article
- Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation.Biological psychiatry · 2024Review
- Boosting Psychotherapy With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: The Whys and Wherefores of Modulating Neural Plasticity to Promote Therapeutic Change.Neural plasticity · 2024Review
- Interactions of transcranial magnetic stimulation with brain oscillations: a narrative review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2024Review
- Brain state-dependent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for motor stroke rehabilitation: a proof of concept randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeural oscillations reflect rapidly changing brain excitability states. We have demonstrated previously with EEG-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of human motor cortex that the positive vs. negative peak of the sensorimotor μ-oscillation reflect corticospinal low-vs. high-excitability states. In vitro experiments showed that induction of long-term depression (LTD) by low-frequency stimulation depends on the postsynaptic excitability state. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: We tested the hypothesis that induction of LTD-like corticospinal plasticity in humans by 1 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) is enhanced when rTMS is synchronized with the low-excitability state, but decreased or even shifted towards long-term (LTP)-like plasticity when synchronized with the high-excitability state.
methodsWe applied real-time EEG-triggered 1-Hz-rTMS (900 pulses) to the hand area of motor cortex in healthy subjects. In a randomized double-blind three-condition crossover design, pulses were synchronized to either the positive or negative peak of the sensorimotor μ-oscillation, or were applied at random phase (control). The amplitude of motor evoked potentials was recorded as an index of corticospinal excitability before and after 1-Hz-rTMS.
results1-Hz-rTMS at random phase resulted in a trend towards LTD-like corticospinal plasticity. RTMS in the positive peak condition (i.e., the low-excitability state) induced significant LTD-like plasticity. RTMS in the negative peak condition (i.e., the high-excitability state) showed a trend towards LTP-like plasticity, which was significantly different from the other two conditions.
conclusionThe level of corticospinal depolarization reflected by phase of the μ-oscillation determines the degree of corticospinal plasticity induced by low-frequency rTMS, a finding that may guide future personalized therapeutic stimulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.