ReviewEuropean journal of pharmacology2020
Antiviral activity of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine towards RNA-viruses. A review.
Review in European journal of pharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A Comprehensive Analysis of the Therapeutic Potential of N-substituted Phenothiazine Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Generation of RNA aptamers against chikungunya virus E2 envelope protein.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Spectroscopic Properties and Biological Activity of Fluphenazine Conjugates with Gold Nanoparticles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Unraveling the relevance of SARS-Cov-2 infection and ferroptosis within the heart of COVID-19 patients.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Biological Applications, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Cellular Uptake, and Apoptotic Pathway Studies Induced by Ternary Cu (II) Complexes Involving Triflupromazine with Biorelevant Ligands.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Article
- Outpatient Antipsychotic Use and Severe COVID-19: Avoiding the Impact of Age in a Real-World Data Study.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities - a narrative review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Methotrimeprazine is a neuroprotective antiviral in JEV infection via adaptive ER stress and autophagy.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Six Decades of Dopamine Hypothesis: Is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor the New D2?Reports (MDPI) · 2023Review
- Neutrophil autophagy and NETosis in COVID-19: perspectives.Autophagy · 2023Review
- Testing the Protective Effects of Sulfobutylether-Βeta-Cyclodextrin (SBECD) and Sugammadex against Chlorpromazine-Induced Acute Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cell Line and in NMRI Mice.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Members of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis complex entry into host cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a pH-dependent manner.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Chlorpromazine, a Clinically Approved Drug, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid-Mediated Induction of IL-6 in Human Monocytes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs based on large-scale screening in vitro and effect evaluation in vivo.Science China. Life sciences · 2022Article
- Screening for inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.Biosafety and health · 2022Article
- Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Use of Tox21 Screening Data to Evaluate the COVID-19 Drug Candidates for Their Potential Toxic Effects and Related Pathways.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Phenothiazines and their Evolving Roles in Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review.Health psychology research · 2022Article
- Cell penetrating peptide: A potent delivery system in vaccine development.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2020 the whole world focused on antivirus drugs towards SARS-CoV-2. Most of the researchers focused on drugs used in other viral infections or malaria. We have not seen such mobilization towards one topic in this century. The whole situation makes clear that progress needs to be made in antiviral drug development. The first step to do it is to characterize the potential antiviral activity of new or already existed drugs on the market. Phenothiazines are antipsychotic agents used previously as antiseptics, anthelminthics, and antimalarials. Up to date, they are tested for a number of other disorders including the broad spectrum of viruses. The goal of this paper was to summarize the current literature on activity toward RNA-viruses of such drugs like chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine. We identified 49 papers, where the use of the phenothiazines for 23 viruses from different families were tested. Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine possess anti-viral activity towards different types of viruses. These drugs inhibit clathrin-dependent endocytosis, cell-cell fusion, infection, replication of the virus, decrease viral invasion as well as suppress entry into the host cells. Additionally, since the drugs display activity at nontoxic concentrations they have therapeutic potential for some viruses, still, further research on animal and human subjects are needed in this field to verify cell base research.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.