ReviewMechanisms of ageing and development2020
The conundrum of human immune system "senescence".
Review in Mechanisms of ageing and development, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple vaccine comparison in the same adults reveals vaccine-specific and age-related humoral response patterns: an open phase IV trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Biological Aging, Immune Phenotypes, and Susceptibility to COVID-19 and Sepsis: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Virus research · 2026Article
- Review
- Aged murine bone marrow myeloid and mesenchymal cells develop unique senescence phenotypes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Physical Fitness Dynamics Shape Immune Remodeling in Healthy Aging: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Article
- Escape and evasion: when immunosurveillance of senescent cells goes wrong.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Age-related changes in circulating immune factors reveal biomarkers of immunosenescence.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- LatentBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Time series modeling shows early lymphocyte decline predicts inflammatory rise and mortality in older adults with community acquired pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Senescent Polarization of Macrophages and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease.Cells · 2025Review
- Immunological Markers of Cardiovascular Pathology in Older Patients.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Trends, prevalence, and determinants of unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes among adult patients in Northeast Ethiopia: The race to achieve a 90 % treatment success rate by 2025.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- Senescent macrophages in cancer: roles in tumor progression and treatment opportunities.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Review
- Inflammaging and Immunosenescence in the Post-COVID Era: Small Molecules, Big Challenges.ChemMedChem · 2025Review
- Inflammation and aging-related disease: A transdisciplinary inflammaging framework.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Decoding brain aging trajectory: predictive discrepancies, genetic susceptibilities, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- A Narrative Review of Key Risk Factors for Severe Illness Following SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Review of evidence linking exposure to environmental stressors and associated alterations in the dynamics of immunosenescence (ISC) with the global increase in multiple sclerosis (MS).Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Review
- Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is associated with susceptibility to experimental pneumococcal challenge in older adults.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 20 institutions in 14 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There is a great deal of debate on the question of whether or not we know what ageing is (Ref. Cohen et al., 2020). Here, we consider what we believe to be the especially confused and confusing case of the ageing of the human immune system, commonly referred to as "immunosenescence". But what exactly is meant by this term? It has been used loosely in the literature, resulting in a certain degree of confusion as to its definition and implications. Here, we argue that only those differences in immune parameters between younger and older adults that are associated in some definitive manner with detrimental health outcomes and/or impaired survival prospects should be classed as indicators of immunosenescence in the strictest sense of the word, and that in humans we know remarkably little about their identity. Such biomarkers of immunosenescence may nonetheless indicate beneficial effects in other contexts, consistent with the notion of antagonistic pleiotropy. Identifying what could be true immunosenescence in this respect requires examining: (1) what appears to correlate with age, though generality across human populations is not yet confirmed; (2) what clearly is part of a suite of canonical changes in the immune system that happen with age; (3) which subset of those changes accelerates rather than slows aging; and (4) all changes, potentially population-specific, that accelerate agig. This remains an immense challenge. These questions acquire an added urgency in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, given the clearly greater susceptibility of older adults to COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.