ReviewDocumenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology2021
Ocular siderosis: a misdiagnosed cause of visual loss due to ferrous intraocular foreign bodies-epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, imaging and available treatment options.
Review in Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intraocular foreign bodies in Asia: insights from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- An Initial Assessment of Rabbit Cornea as a Biomarker of Trace-Element Load in Commercial Animal Production.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Article
- Accidental intravitreal injection of a veterinary inactivated FMD vaccine resulting in noninfectious intraocular inflammation: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between pneumoconiosis and cataract risk: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan.BMJ open · 2025Article
- OcuPair, a Novel Photo-crosslinkable PAMAM Dendrimer-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Bandage/Bioadhesive for Corneal Injuries and Temporary Corneal Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Optic disc swelling associated with retained metallic intraocular foreign body.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Clinical findings and management of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) in third-world country eye hospital.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic keratopigmentation Vis-à-Vis in blind eyes: complications and outcomes in a series of 184 eyes.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical observation and electroretinogram analysis of ocular siderosis following ocular trauma: a retrospective case series.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Case Report: Intraocular foreign body coexisting for 30 years.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- An Unusual Case of Low Vision and Anisocoria Considered a Neurological Finding in the Emergency Department: Ocular Siderosis.Turkish journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Magnetized forceps for intraocular foreign body removal: which one is suitable?Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- An unexpected retained metallic intraocular foreign body.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Demystifying the role of magnetic resonance in identifying intraocular foreign bodies: a case of ocular siderosis.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Advances in the management of intraocular foreign bodies.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Retained Intraocular Iron Foreign Body Leading to Late-Onset Siderotic Glaucoma: A Challenging Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2023Article
- Low ceruloplasmin levels exacerbate retinal degeneration in a hereditary hemochromatosis model.Disease models & mechanisms · 2023Article
- Occult intraocular aluminium foreign body causing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Case report: Bilateral eye injuries in members of one family due to a cluster munition in Ukraine.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a meaningful literature review about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, imaging and treatment of ocular siderosis (OS).
methodsA computerized search from inception up to March 2020 of the online electronic database PubMed was performed using the following search strings: "ocular siderosis" and "siderosis bulbi". The reference list in each article was analysed for additional relevant publications.
resultsOS is an uncommon cause of visual loss due to a retained ferrous intraocular foreign body (IOFB). It may develop from 18 days to years after a penetrating trauma that usually occurs during hammering. On average, patients are 22-25 years old, and the vast majority are male. The most common cause of OS development is delayed presentation by the patient or missed diagnosis of IOFB after trauma. The pathophysiology is not fully understood; nevertheless, iron deposition causes hydroxyl radical formation, which damages photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Moreover, iron damages retinal vessels with consequent inner retinal layers degeneration. The most frequent signs are iris heterochromia, pupillary mydriasis, cataract development and retinal arteriolar narrowing with pigmentary retinal degeneration. Electroretinogram signs, in particular, b-wave amplitude reduction, arise earlier than clinical signs. Orbital CT scans and ultrasonography play an essential role in detecting IOFBs. Treatment depends on the IOFB location and OS development. However, it is crucial to remove the IOFB after OS development because visual acuity and clinical signs may improve. Anterior segment IOFBs can be dislodged using an intraocular magnet (IOM) or forceps through limbal paracentesis. In contrast, posterior segment IOFBs require a pars plana vitrectomy and IOM or forceps to be removed through an enlarged sclerotomy or the limbus.
conclusionRecommending the usage of protective glasses and spreading knowledge about OS may further benefit patient care.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.