ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2021
The Subgrouping Structure of Newborns with Heterogenous Brain-Behavior Relationships.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional brain connectivity from the fetal period through infancy: A narrative review of resting-state fMRI studies.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Review
- A hierarchical model of early brain functional network development.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2025Review
- Sex differences in brain-behavior relationships in the first 2 years of life.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- The Transition From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Machine Learning in Neuropsychiatric Research.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Review
- White matter microstructure and functional connectivity in the brains of infants with Turner syndrome.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Longitudinal developmental trajectories of functional connectivity reveal regional distribution of distinct age effects in infancy.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Genetic and environmental factors influencing neonatal resting-state functional connectivity.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Intergenerational neuroimaging study: mother-infant functional connectivity similarity and the role of infant and maternal factors.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2022Article
- Maternal trait anxiety symptoms, frontolimbic resting-state functional connectivity, and cognitive development in infancy.Developmental psychobiology · 2021Article
- Functional Connectivity in Infancy and Toddlerhood Predicts Long-Term Language and Preliteracy Outcomes.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2021Article
- Hippocampal functional connectivity development during the first two years indexes 4-year working memory performance.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2021Article
- Neonatal brain connectivity outliers identify over forty percent of IQ outliers at 4 years of age.Brain and behavior · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The presence of heterogeneity/subgroups in infants and older populations against single-domain brain or behavioral measures has been previously characterized. However, few attempts have been made to explore heterogeneity at the brain-behavior relationship level. Such a hypothesis posits that different subgroups of infants may possess qualitatively different brain-behavior relationships that could ultimately contribute to divergent developmental outcomes even with relatively similar brain phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to explore such relationship-level heterogeneity and delineate the subgrouping structure of newborns with differential brain-behavior associations based on a typically developing sample of 81 infants with 3-week resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans and 4-year intelligence quotient (IQ) measures. Our results not only confirmed the existence of relationship-level heterogeneity in newborns but also revealed divergent developmental outcomes associated with two subgroups showing similar brain functional connectivity but contrasting brain-behavior relationships. Importantly, further analyses unveiled an intriguing pattern that the subgroup with higher 4-year IQ outcomes possessed brain-behavior relationships that were congruent to their functional connectivity pattern in neonates while the subgroup with lower 4-year IQ not, providing potential explanations for the observed IQ differences. The characterization of heterogeneity at the brain-behavior relationship level may not only improve our understanding of the patterned intersubject variability during infancy but could also pave the way for future development of heterogeneity-inspired, personalized, subgroup-specific models for better prediction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.