ReviewPharmacological reports : PR2021
Efflux pump inhibitors: new updates.
Review in Pharmacological reports : PR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Small-molecule inhibitors block NorA efflux by conformational trapping.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, Modulation, and Mitigation: Dietary-Gut Microbiome Strategies Against Antibiotic Resistance.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- From Polyphenols to β-Lactamases: Multitarget Strategies to Defeat Severe Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Dual-targeting sulfamethoxazole derivatives overcome multidrug resistance in ESKAPE pathogens by inhibiting quorum sensing and efflux pumps.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Joining Forces Against Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: The Synergism Between Natural Compounds and Antibiotics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- RND efflux pump inhibitor-like natural products as antibiotic adjuvants against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a graded-evidence review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- A comprehensive review of AI innovations for tackling antimicrobial resistance.Le infezioni in medicina · 2026Review
- Examination of Genetic Mutations of Clofazimine Resistance in Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium TB Isolates.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance and Countermeasures.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Inhibition of efflux pumps by FDA-approved drugs oxiconazole and sertaconazole restores antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistantAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characterization of anVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in non-tuberculous mycobacteria.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Heterogeneous efflux pump expression underpins phenotypic resistance to antimicrobial peptides.eLife · 2025Article
- Advancements in Antimicrobial Surface Coatings Using Metal/Metaloxide Nanoparticles, Antibiotics, and Phytochemicals.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms Leading to the Emergence of Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria.Indian journal of microbiology · 2025Review
- What Are the Drivers Triggering Antimicrobial Resistance Emergence and Spread? Outlook from a One Health Perspective.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations into the Potential of Quinazoline and Quinoline Derivatives as NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors Against ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Novel antibiotics againstMedComm · 2025Article
- Integrative review on Acinetobacter baumannii as a multidrug-resistant pathogen: resistance mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives in the context of nosocomial infections.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics ought to have ended the issue of bacterial infections, but this was not the case as it has led to the evolution of various mechanisms of bacterial resistance against various antibiotics. The efflux pump remains one of the mechanisms through which organisms develop resistance against antibiotics; this is because organisms can extrude most of the clinically relevant antibiotics from the interior cell environment to the exterior environment via the efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are thought to contribute significantly to biofilm formation as highlighted by various studies. Therefore, the inhibition of these efflux pumps can be a potential way of improving the activity of antibiotics, particularly now that the discovery of novel antibiotics is becoming tedious. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are molecules that can inhibit efflux pumps; they have been considered potential therapeutic agents for rejuvenating the activity of antibiotics that have already lost their activity against bacteria. However, studies are yet to determine the specific substrates for such pumps; the effect of altered efflux activity of these pumps on biofilm formation is still being investigated. A clear knowledge of the involvement of efflux pumps in biofilm development could aid in developing new agents that can interfere with their function and help to prevent biofilms formation; thereby, improving the outcome of treatment strategies. This review focuses on the novel update of EPIs and discusses the evidence of the roles of efflux pumps in biofilm formation; the potential approaches towards overcoming the increasing problem of biofilm-based infections are also discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.