ArticleRheumatology (Oxford, England)2021
Systemic autoimmune disease as a cause of death: mortality burden and comorbidities.
Article in Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Targeting the pMHC-TCR Interaction: Molecular Strategies and Therapeutic Potential in Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Heart Failure Risk in Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Adapting to living with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases; a qualitative exploration of patient and clinician perspectives.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Cellular Therapy for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: New Opportunities for Future Research and Interdisciplinary Collaboration.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Review
- [Immunoadsorption in rheumatic autoimmune diseases: an alternative treatment option : Retrospective insights on the clinical application from the Rhineland-Palatinate Rheumatology Center].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2025Article
- A Multi-omics approach to identify and validate shared genetic architecture in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes: integrating GWAS, GEO, MSigDB, and scRNA-seq data.Functional & integrative genomics · 2025Article
- Clinical and Pathophysiological Tangles Between Allergy and Autoimmunity: Deconstructing an Old Dichotomic Paradigm.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Airborne culprits: A comprehensive review of PM, silica, and TCDD in autoimmune diseases.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2024Review
- Central nervous system manifestations in rheumatic diseases.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- Risk of death, thrombotic and hemorrhagic events in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation and systemic autoimmune diseases: an analysis from a global federated dataset.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2024Article
- Higher mortality risk from gynaecological neoplasms and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an observational study from the Spanish National Registry.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Observational
- B-Cell Receptor Repertoire: Recent Advances in Autoimmune Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Review
- Comparative single-cell multiplex immunophenotyping of therapy-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus shed light on disease-specific composition of the peripheral immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Estimating mortality in rare diseases using a population-based registry, 2002 through 2019.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2023Article
- Granzyme B in Autoimmune Skin Disease.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Polyautoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: New insights from a cross-sectional study.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2023Article
- Knowledge of Saudi Patients with Autoimmune Diseases about Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity: The Role of Physician-Patient Communication.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Autoimmune Disease Classification Based on PubMed Text Mining.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: A Nation-Wide Registry Study.Viruses · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSystemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) have chronic trajectories and share characteristics of self-directed inflammation, as well as aspects of clinical expression. Nonetheless, burden-of-disease studies rarely investigate them as a distinct category. This study aims to assess the mortality rate of SAIDs as a group and to evaluate co-occurring causes of death.
methodsWe used death certificate data in the Netherlands, 2013-2017 (N = 711 247), and constructed a SAIDs list at the fourth-position ICD-10 level. The mortality rate of SAIDs as underlying cause of death (CoD), non-underlying CoD, and any-mention CoD was calculated. We estimated age-sex-standardized observed/expected (O/E) ratios to assess comorbidities in deaths with SAID relative to the general deceased population.
resultsWe observed 3335 deaths with SAID on their death certificate (0.47% of all deaths). The mortality rate of SAID was 14.6 per million population as underlying CoD, 28.0 as non-underlying CoD, and 39.7 as any-mention CoD. The mortality rate was higher for females and increased exponentially with age. SAID-related deaths were positively associated with all comorbidities except for solid neoplasms and mental conditions. Particularly strong was the association with diseases of the musculoskeletal system (O/E = 3.38; 95% CI: 2.98, 3.82), other diseases of the genitourinary system (O/E = 2.73; 95% CI: 2.18, 3.38), influenza (O/E = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.03), blood diseases (O/E = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.70, 2.39), skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (O/E = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.54, 2.45), and infectious diseases (O/E = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.70, 2.01).
conclusionSystemic autoimmune diseases constitute a rare group of causes of death, but contribute to mortality through multiple comorbidities. Classification systems could be adapted to better encompass these diseases as a category.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.