ArticleCell death & disease2020
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach against triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sparse canonical correlation to identify breast cancer related genes regulated by copy number aberrations.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Myeloid-derived MIF is a central regulator of MDSC-driven T-cell dysfunction in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Structure-Function Regulation of Proteolytically Stable Amphiphilic Peptide-Based Soft Materials With Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Drug-Resistant Strains and Anticancer Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Article
- Endocrine therapy-specific lineage and partial epithelial-mesenchymal reprogramming defines divergent resistant cell-states in ER+ breast cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- ITGB1 Regulates Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Development by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A single cell transcriptional profile of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Giardia duodenalis MIF induces host intestinal damage via CD74 receptor mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- The WISP1/Src/MIF Axis Promotes the Malignant Phenotype of Non-Invasive MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.Cells · 2026Article
- Review
- Using 4-HPP and PP as Substrates to Assess Purified MIF and D-DT Tautomerase Activity and Inhibition.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Induced Electric Fields Inhibit Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis and Modulate the Immune Tumor Microenvironment.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2026Article
- Fragment Screening of MIF by Surface Plasmon Resonance.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Cell populations in human breast cancers are molecularly and biologically distinct with age.Nature aging · 2025Article
- The role and application potential of cytochrome c in breast cancer therapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- S100A9 enhances tumor immune suppression and cancer cell survival in small cell lung cancer.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- An integrative analysis of transcriptome, methylome and single-cell RNA sequencing data identifies UBE2H as a marker of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Cell states and neighborhoods in distinct clinical stages of primary and metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in pancreatic cancer progression and diagnosis.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Review
- Immune evasion and resistance in breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as loss of estrogen, progesterone, and Her2 receptors, is a subtype of highly aggressive breast cancer with worse prognosis and poor survival rate. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine aberrantly expressed in many solid tumors and known to promote tumor progression and metastasis. However, its role in TNBC progression and metastasis is unexplored. Here we have shown that in TNBC patients, MIF expression was significantly enriched in the tumor compared to adjacent normal tissue. Using publically available patient datasets, we showed that MIF overexpression correlates with worse survival in TNBC compared to other hormonal status. Orthotopic implantation of TNBC cells into MIF knockout mice showed reduced tumor growth compared to wild-type mice. In addition, we have shown that MIF downregulation inhibits TNBC growth and progression in a syngeneic mouse model. We further showed that CPSI-1306, a small-molecule MIF inhibitor, inhibits the growth of TNBC cells in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that CPSI-1306 induces intrinsic apoptosis by alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, and activation of different caspases. In addition, CPSI-1306 inhibits the activation of cell survival and proliferation-related molecules. CPSI-1306 treatment also reduced the tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic mouse models of mammary carcinoma. CPSI-1306 treatment of tumor-bearing mice significantly inhibited TNBC growth and pulmonary metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis of xenograft tumors revealed a higher number of apoptotic cells in CPSI-1306-treated tumors compared to vehicle controls. Our studies, for the first time, show that MIF overexpression in TNBC enhances growth and metastasis. Taken together, our results indicate that using small molecular weight MIF inhibitors could be a promising strategy to inhibit TNBC progression and metastasis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.